Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
PAMP Perception:
FLS2
Ca
2+
influx:
DND1.
Calmodulin gene:
CML41
ROS signaling:
RbohD,
RbohC, RbohF
NO signaling:
AtNOS1
MAP kinase signaling:
MPK3, EDR1, MKS1
Flg22
Phospholipid signaling:
BON1
SA signaling system:
PAD4, EDS5
/
SID1,
SID2, NPR1, EDS1
JA signaling system:
LOX3, OPR3,
CYP81F2, ACX1
Ethylene signaling system:
ACS2, ACS7, ACS8, ETR2,
CTR1, EIN4, EIN2, ETR1,
EBF1
Fig. 2.3
Flg22-induced expression of genes involved in various immune response signaling sys-
tems (Adapted from Denoux et al.
2008
)
2010
; Boudsocq et al.
2010
; Hwang and Hwang
2011
). It is still not known how the
PAMP signals are transmitted downstream of PRR. The genes upregulated or down-
regulated by each PAMP are too many to fi nd out their function in the downstream
signaling events. Analysis of the
Arabidopsis
transcriptome revealed that more than
1,000 genes were signifi cantly upregulated or downregulated within 30 min after
the PAMP fl g22 treatment (Zipfel et al.
2004
). Denoux et al. (
2008
) observed 4,413
genes with altered expression in response to the PAMP fl g22 in
Arabidopsis
seed-
lings. These genes are involved in activation of several distinct signaling systems in
Arabidopsis thaliana
(Fig.
2.3
; Denoux et al.
2008
).
A typical array of early defense responses induced by PAMPs includes distinctly
different signaling systems and several second messengers. Second messengers are
Search WWH ::
Custom Search