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PAMP elicitor signals
Activation
MAPKKK
Phosphorylation
Nt MEK2
Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation
SIPK
Activation
Transcription of
WIPK gene
Transcription of
defense genes
WIPK
Activation
Defense responses
Fig. 7.3 Interconnection of two different MAPK pathways to activate immune responses in
tobacco (Adapted from Liu et al. 2003 )
7.6
14-3-3 Protein Enhances Signaling Ability of MAPKKK
in Activating Plant Innate Immune Responses
14-3-3 Proteins are a group of proteins that have been shown to be involved in
regulation of protein kinases and phosphatases (Ferl 2004 ). The 14-3-3 proteins are
given this nomenclature based on their chromatography and electroprofi les. The
14-3-3 proteins play a role in the completion of signal transduction events.
Phosphorylation may tag the proteins for association with 14-3-3 and the subse-
quent binding of 14-3-3s may complete the signal-induced changes in the protein
activity (Ferl 2004 ). 14-3-3 proteins occur as homo- and heterodimers in vitro and
in vivo and these dimers may mediate interaction between pairs of associated
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