Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Ca
2+
signaling
Protein phosphorylation
Ion channels regulation
ROS production
Redox signaling
NO production
G-PROTEINS
MAPK signaling
Polyamine biosynthesis
Phosphatidic acid
SA signaling system
JA signaling system
ET signaling system
ABA signaling system
Auxin signaling system
GA signaling system
BR signaling system
Fig. 3.1
G-proteins-triggered signaling systems
of gene expression in plants (Galon et al.
2010
) and it acts as intracellular second
messenger that is used by plants to encode information and deliver it downstream to
proteins which decode/interpret signals and initiate defense responses (Abdul Kadar
and Lindsberg
2010
; DeFalco et al.
2010
; Dodd et al.
2010
; Stael et al.
2012
).
G-proteins trigger changes in cytosolic Ca
2+
concentrations (Schultheiss et al.
2003
). The G-proteins induce Ca
2+
channel opening in plants through the action of
PAMPs (Gelli et al.
1997
). Protein phosphorylation precedes Ca
2+
infl ux in tobacco
cells treated with a PAMP isolated from the oomycete pathogen
Phytophthora cryp-
togea
(Tavernier et al.
1995
). The G-proteins modulate the phosphorylation/dephos-
phorylation system in the plasma membrane of tomato cells and transduce the signal
(Vera-Estrella et al.
1994a
). Phosphorylation of proteins involved in G-protein
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