Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
5 Conclusions
When dealing with the impact of urban freight transport, shopping and restocking
are two sides of the same coin and both have to be considered by city logistics
measures implemented for improving city sustainability. This interaction is
especially relevant in the urban context where congestion is an effect shared and
generated by both markets, and public decision-makers have to take such effects
into consideration before making a planning decision. Furthermore, in the
movement of goods from producers to end-consumers there may be a variety of
decision-makers whose choices affect how the freight has to move. Implementa-
tion of freight transport measures must consider such different interests and find an
optimal compromise between all interests of the actors involved. Furthermore, the
choice of a new city logistics scenario should be based on an assessment method
consisting of several stages able to highlight different types of effects. The paper
described a simulation system for direct internal/external effect forecasting and
hence focused on demand models that are the core of the simulation, because they
allow the effects of city logistics measures on actors' behaviors to be captured. The
integrated modeling system presented is a general framework that jointly simulates
shopping and restocking flows. This framework could be considered an open
architecture where various models developed in the literature can be used. How-
ever, as few examples can be found on the simulation of shop type choice, which is
one of the main contact points between shopping and restocking mobility, suitable
models for doing precisely this were proposed. Through logit models they simulate
choices among small, medium and large retail outlets in relation to freight types
and socio-characteristics of end consumers. Some tests were performed in a real
study case and initial results confirm the goodness of the proposed framework and
models.
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