Urban Consolidation and Logistics Pooling - Sustainable Urban Logistics: Concepts, Methods and Information Systems - page 192

Table 2 Main indicators for urban logistics sustainability
Economic indicators
• Travelled distance

• Investment costs

• Vehicle load factor • Operational costs

• Warehouse load factor • Return on investment

• Vehicle load path • Total travel time

• Number of parcels at warehouses • Service rates

• Number of delivery points • Delay respect rates

• Number of collection points • Customer satisfaction rates

Environmental indicators
• Greenhouse gases emission rates

• Noise rates

• Polluting gases emission rates (NOx, SOx) • Road occupancy rates

• Solid particles emission rates (PM 10) • Reverse flows rates

Social/societal indicators
• Absenteism rates

• Employment creation rates

• Stress management rates • Employment conversion rates

• Users acceptability • Formation rates

• Inhabitant's satisfaction rates • City's image estimation

First of all, we describe the ''loaders'' (Routhier et al. 2011 ), which are the
actors that send or receive the freight. The producers of the different raw materials
and components as well as the final product manufacturers, the logistics providers,
the distribution and gross commerce enterprises, and then the retailers all fall into
this category. These actors can be considered as ''senders'', if they act at the origin
of the transportation process, or ''receivers'' if they are at its destination. Another
important category concerns the ''transporters''. These transporters may be the
''loaders'' that perform self-transport operations, or the third-party transportation
companies (Ambrosini and Routhier 2004 ). These companies may be artisans that
have only one vehicle, small and medium enterprises or big companies and
multinational groups, as well as postal and courier operators, and not forgetting
integrated logistics solutions providers like TNT, DHL, FedEx and UPS, among
others. A third category concerns the logistics real estate actors, that are the
''owners and management companies'' of warehouses, cross-docks, intermodal
platforms and other logistics infrastructures. Finally, in this classification certain
other actors are not taken into account, like public administrations, highway
companies and customs operators, because as logistics sharing partners they are far
less

involved and much less important when compared to the three main

categories.

3.4 Logistics Pooling in Supply Chain Management

In supply chain management, we observe sharing approaches in different pro-
cesses, involving both production and distribution sub-chains. More precisely,