Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
2.1 Single-Tier Distribution Systems
Single-tier distribution systems are the most common strategies to deliver cus-
tomers from regional logistics platforms from customers. In such systems, at urban
consolidation platforms, freight is consolidated, then a set of direct shipping routes
is planned to serve customers in the city centre by vehicles operating tours starting
and finishing at an urban consolidation facility (Crainic et al.
2012
). Tactical
planning issues related to direct shipping schemes using LTL routes are well-
studied in literature (Toth and Vigo
2002
; Golden et al.
2008
).
As show in different works (Gonzalez-Feliu and Morana
2010
; Trentini and
Malhéné
2010
; Allen et al.
2012
; Crainic et al.
2012
; Ville et al.
2012
; Morana
et al.
2013
), urban consolidation platforms are often seen in small and medium
cities and economically operational schemes are in general related to specific
contexts of fields.
2.2 Two-Tier Distribution Systems
Two-tier systems (Crainic et al.
2004
,
2009
) are mainly planned for large cities,
based on a so-called consolidation-distribution strategy, which uses a second stage
of facilities and different vehicle fleets in order to avoid the presence of large
vehicles in the city centre, reducing in that way the number and length of empty
trips (Crainic
2008
) (Fig.
1
).
Fig. 1
An example of two-tier distribution system (Crainic et al.
2012
)
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