Environmental Engineering Reference
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Figure 1.2 Map of the Siberian
flood basalts showing the approximate location
of uppermost bedrock lavas and underlying volcaniclastics (after Svensen et al .,
2009 ). Sample locations from Elkins-Tanton
field trips are shown as scattered
dots. Thicknesses indicate outcrops seen on these trips, with the exception of the
Tura dill core (
s
'
sk
are on the Angara River, and those east and west of Tura are on the Nizhnaya
Tungusska River.
500 m), from Drenov ( 1985 ). The samples north of Ust Ulim
>
'
stratosphere. Material is rapidly washed from the troposphere by rain. Basaltic
magmas are generally less gas-rich (with the possible exception of sulfur) and less
viscous than more silicic eruptions, and are generally less explosive without
interactions with external volatiles. However, basaltic Hawaiian-style
fire foun-
tains are capable of injecting material into the stratosphere (Stothers et al ., 1986 ;
Woods, 1993 ). This is corroborated by the Laki eruption (Iceland 1783
-
1784,
Thordarson et al ., 1996 ). Laki was largely effusive, but
it had signi
cant
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