Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 16.1
Volcanic output and stratospheric input of halogens from CAVA eruptions.
Degassed
mass of
Br (kg)
Degassed
mass of
Cl (kg)
Age
(ka)
Br concentration added to stratosphere
Cl concentration added to stratosphere
EESC added to stratosphere
Tephra
1%
(ppt) (% rel)
10%
(ppt) (% rel)
25%
(ppt)
1%
(ppt)
10%
(ppt)
25%
(ppt)
1%
(ppt)
10%
(ppt)
25%
(ppt)
(% rel)
(% rel)
(% rel)
(% rel)
(% rel)
(% rel)
(% rel)
0.1 4.72E
þ
06
2.24E
þ
09
Santa Maria (GUA)
0.022
0.36
0.2
4
0.5
9
23
4.2
234
42
584
106
25
4.5
247
45
617
112
0.18 1.26E
þ
07
5.06E
þ
08
Cosigüina 1835 (NIC)
0.058
0.96
0.6
10
1.4
24
5
1.0
53
10
132
24
9
1.6
87
16
218
40
Terra Blanca Joven (SAL) 1.55 5.25E
þ
08
1.39E
þ
11
2.402 40.04
24.0
400
60.1
1001
1447
263.1
14 472
2631
36 179
6578
1591
289.3
15 913
2893
39 782
7233
Masaya Tuff (NIC)
1.7 2.27E
þ
07
7.99E
þ
09
0.104
1.73
1.0
17
2.6
43
83
15.2
833
152
2083
379
90
16.3
896
163
2239
407
Chiltepe Tephra (NIC)
1.8 1.25E
þ
08
3.13E
þ
10
0.572
9.53
5.7
95
14.3
238
326
59.3
3263
593
8158
1483
361
65.6
3606
656
9015
1639
Masaya Triple Layer (NIC) 2.1 6.15E
þ
06
5.54E
þ
09
0.028
0.47
0.3
5
0.7
12
58
10.5
578
105
1445
263
59
10.8
595
108
1487
270
Rio Blanco Tephra (CRC) 3.5 3.20E
þ
07
1.57E
þ
09
0.146
2.43
1.5
24
3.7
61
16
3.0
164
30
409
74
25
4.6
251
46
629
114
Mateare Tephra (NIC)
c. 4 1.11E
þ
07
1.27E
þ
09
0.051
0.85
0.5
8
1.3
21
13
2.4
133
24
332
60
16
3.0
163
30
408
74
San Antonio Tephra (NIC) 6
5.59E
þ
07
9.44E
þ
09
0.256
4.26
2.6
43
6.4
107
98
17.9
985
179
2462
448
114
20.7
1138
207
2845
517
Xiloa Tephra (NIC)
6.1 8.03E
þ
06
9.13E
þ
08
0.037
0.61
0.4
6
0.9
15
10
1.7
95
17
238
43
12
2.1
117
21
293
53
Laguna de Haule (CRC)
6.2 2.34E
þ
06
1.44E
þ
09
0.011
0.18
0.1
2
0.3
4
15
2.7
150
27
376
68
16
2.8
157
28
392
71
U.Apoyeque Tephra (NIC) 12.4 1.67E
þ
07
8.91E
þ
09
0.076
1.27
0.8
13
1.9
32
93
16.9
930
169
2325
423
98
17.7
976
177
2439
444
L.Apoyeque Tephra (NIC) 14.5 2.63E
þ
07
8.13E
þ
09
0.120
2.00
1.2
20
3.0
50
85
15.4
848
154
2121
386
92
16.7
920
167
2301
418
U.Ometepe Tephra (NIC)
15.5 4.74E
þ
07
2.12E
þ
09
0.217
3.61
2.2
36
5.4
90
22
4.0
222
40
554
101
35
6.4
352
64
879
160
Pinos Altos (GUA)
23
2.83E
þ
07
7.40E
þ
09
0.129
2.15
1.3
22
3.2
54
77
14.0
772
140
1930
351
85
15.4
850
154
2124
386
U.Apoyo Tephra (NIC)
24.5 6.02E
þ
08
1.07E
þ
11
2.753 45.88
27.5
459
68.8
1147
1112
202.2
11119
2022
27 796
5054
1277
232.2 12 770
2322
31 925
5805
L.Apoyo Tephra (NIC)
25
1.51E
þ
07
1.38E
þ
10
0.069
1.15
0.7
12
1.7
29
144
26.2
1439
262
3596
654
148
26.9
1480
269
3700
673
TB4 (ESA/SLV)
36
8.89E
þ
07
2.43E
þ
10
0.407
6.78
4.1
68
10.2
169
254
46.2
2538
462
6346
1154
278
50.6
2782
506
6956
1265
Mixta Tephra (GUA)
39
1.18E
þ
07
8.70E
þ
09
0.054
0.90
0.5
9
1.3
22
91
16.5
908
165
2269
413
94
17.1
940
171
2350
427
Conacaste (SAL)
51
1.36E
þ
07
2.31E
þ
10
0.062
1.03
0.6
10
1.6
26
241
43.8
2411
438
6028
1096
245
44.5
2448
445
6121
1113
E-Fall (GUA)
51
5.18E
þ
07
5.59E
þ
09
0.237
3.95
2.4
39
5.9
99
58
10.6
583
106
1458
265
73
13.2
725
132
1813
330
Congo (SAL)
53
1.89E
þ
07
2.45E
þ
11
0.087
1.44
0.9
14
2.2
36
2560
465.4
25598
4654
63996
11636
2565
466.4
25650
4664
64126
11659
Fontana Tephra (NIC)
60
4.33E
þ
06
1.11E
þ
09
0.020
0.33
0.2
3
0.5
8
12
2.1
116
21
291
53
13
2.3
128
23
320
58
Twins (ESA/SLV)
61
1.45E
þ
08
1.36E
þ
10
0.661 11.02
6.6
110
16.5
275
142
25.9
1422
259
3555
646
182
33.1
1819
331
4547
827
Unicit Tephra (NIC)
c. 703.92E
þ
06
1.17E
þ
08
0.018
0.30
0.2
3.0
0.4
7.5
1
0.2
12
2.2
30
5.5
2
0.4
23
4.2
57
10.4
Arce (SAL)
72
3.37E
þ
08
3.30E
þ
10
1.542 25.71
15.4
257
38.6
643
344
62.6
3441
626
8602
1564
437
79.4
4366
794
10 916
1985
Blanca Rosa (SAL)
75
9.44E
þ
07
1.10E
þ
10
0.432
7.19
4.3
72
10.8
180
115
20.9
1150
209
2874
523
141
25.6
1409
256
3522
640
Los Chocoyos (GUA)
84
1.10E
þ
09
8.07E
þ
11
5.021 83.68
50.2
837
125.5
2092
8420
1531
84203
15310
210509
38274
8722
1586
87 216
15 857 218 040
39 644
L-Fall (GUA)
191 3.51E
þ
08
1.05E
þ
11
1.607 26.78
16.1
268
40.2
670
1098
199.6
10979
1996
27447
4990
1194
217.1
11 943
2171
29 857
5429
9.51E
þ
07
2.93E
þ
10
Averages ignoring Los
Chocoyos:
0.435
7.25
4.35
72
10.87
181
305
55.5
3052
555
7629
1387
331
60.2
3313
602
8281
1506
Averages including Los
Chocoyos:
1.30E
þ
08
5.61E
þ
10
0.593
9.88
5.93
99
14.82
247
585
106.4
5850
1064
14625
2659
621
112.8
6206
1128
15514
2821
Assumptions: 1, 10 and 25 wt% of emitted halogens reach the stratosphere; the global stratosphere has 2.7
1019 moles, 15% of 1.8
1020 moles of total atmosphere. Pre-industrial stratosphere concentrations approximated as:
Br
¼
6 ppt, Cl
¼
550 ppt, equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC)
¼
900 ppt (Montzka
et al.
, 2011). GUA
¼
Guatemala, NIC
¼
Nicaragua, SAL
¼
El Salvador, and CRC
¼
Costa Rica.
