Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 16.1 Shaded SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, NASA) eleva-
tion model of Central America (NASA/JPL/NGA, 2000) and high-resolution
bathymetry along the Middle America Trench (MAT) modi
ed from Kutterolf
et al
.(
2008
). Numbers represent the names of source volcanoes (14) of the
92 eruptions in the last 200 kyr that produced the widespread tephras mentioned
in the text; 31 of those eruptions were suitable for a complete set of halogen
analyses.
et al
.(
2012
) recently determined volatile emissions (Br, Cl, S, SO
2
)forover
30 of these eruptions. The voluminous, widespread tephras account for more than
half of the total late Pleistocene
Holocene erupted magma mass of the volcanic
front (Kutterolf
et al
.,
2008
). Tephra volumes generally range from 1 km
3
-
to
100 km
3
(Metzner
et al
.,
2012
). An exception is the largest known eruption in
Central America, the 84 ka old Los Chocoyos eruption from Atitlán Caldera in
Guatemala, which generated deposits with about 800 km
3
tephra volume.
~
16.5 Halogen release from CAVA eruptions
In contrast to the
exotic
'
intra-plate case study from the Laacher See tephra
rst
'
