Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 14.2 (
cont.
)
Estimate of total subaerial
volatiles released (Tg except
where indicated)
Mode of
volcanism/
volcanic event
Age of
activity
Duration total
Height of injection (km)
References
SO
2
CO
2
e
6.2
10
6
Paraná
Etendeka
province
-
~
132 Ma
~
1 Myr
-
10.8
Not
estimated
Marks
et al
.(
2014
)
10
6
10
7
Siberian Traps
~
252
-
250
Bulk of the
eruption
occurred
during
<
~
12.6
-
68
8.5
Uncertain but likely with at
least some injection into
the stratosphere
Black
et al
.(
2012
);
Tang
et al
.(
2013
)
Ma
1 Myr
a
Delivered in intermittent bursts of
1 to 30 Gt separated by long non-eruptive intervals.
b
Just for the peralkaline silicic magmas associated with the
<
flood basalts.
c
This is based on an estimate of 10
6
km
3
of lava for the Deccan. Evidence suggests that
fluxes of 10
2
10
3
Tg of SO
2
per year might have
-
10
3
Tg SO
2
(based on
been sustained during pulses over a decade. Scaillet and Macdonald (
2006
) suggest a further 7.2
-
12.2
10
6
Tg SO
2
(assuming Deccan basalts were able to produce peralkaline
derivatives at the same yield as for the Afro-Arabian province) may have been released from peralkaline rhyolites associated with
the Deccan.
d
Based on the Self
et al
.(
2006
) estimates for 10
3
km
3
scaled up to 10
6
km
3
. They estimate 220
observed silicic rocks associated with the Deccan) or 1.8
-
3.0
50 yr pulses of 10
3
km
3
.
-
1,110 Tg/yr for 10
-
e
Scaillet and Macdonald (
2006
) suggest a further 9.2
10
3
Tg SO
2
for the metaluminous silicic magmas associated with the
flood basalts.
