Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 14.2
Examples of gas injections from some different types of volcanic emissions to our atmosphere. A similar analysis could have
been done for volcanic products such as ash, but these are more dif
flood basalt volcanism and have a shorter
atmospheric lifetime than gaseous species so we use gas emissions to illustrate the differences in modes of emission.
cult to quantify for
Estimate of total subaerial
volatiles released (Tg except
where indicated)
Mode of
volcanism/
volcanic event
Age of
activity
Duration total
Height of injection (km)
References
SO
2
CO
2
Present-day
persistent
emissions
Present day
Continuous
13
18
(Tg/yr)
-
65
540
(Tg/yr)
-
In terms of SO
2
:
4
Tg/yr on average to
stratosphere from
~
1
-
Stoiber
et al
.(
1987
);
Andres and
Kasgnoc (
1998
);
Halmer
et al
.
(
2002
); Pyle and
Mather (
2003
);
Mather
et al
.
(
2003
); Burton
et al
.(
2013
).
'
large
'
eruptions,
9 Tg/yr
from passive degassing
to the troposphere and
rest from sporadic
'
~
eruptions to
troposphere. Passive
emissions vary with
volcano summit height
(most
small
'
1 km).
>
Pinatubo
(largest eruption
of the satellite
era)
1991
9 h
(climactic
phase)
12
-
26 (20 usually
accepted value)
42
30
Krueger
et al
.
(
1995
);
McCormick
et al
.
(
1995
); Westrich
and Gerlach
(
1992
); Gerlach
et al
.(
1996
)
>
