Satellite and aircraft-based techniques to measure volcanic emissions and hazards - Volcanism and Global Environmental Change - page 141

Table 9.2 NASA airborne remote sensing facility instruments with which the author is
familiar or has used (after http://airbornescience.nasa.gov/instrument/facility ).

Title Acronym Aircraft Type

Airborne Visible/Infrared
Imaging Spectrometer

AVIRIS ER-2, Proteus, Twin

Otter, WB-57

Passive,
spectrometer

Next-Generation Airborne
Visible/Infrared Imaging
Spectrometer

AVIRIS-ng ER-2, Proteus, Twin

Otter, WB-57

Passive,
spectrometer

Digital Camera System DCS B-200, DC-8, ER-2,

Twin Otter, WB-57

Camera, passive

Digital Mapping System DMS DC-8, P-3 Orion Camera, passive

MODIS Airborne Simulator MAS ER-2 Passive,

spectrometer

MODIS/ASTER Airborne
Simulator

MASTER B-200, Caravan, Cessna,

DC-8, ER-2, J-31,
WB-57

Passive,
spectrometer

UAV/Gulfstream Synthetic
Aperture Radar

UAVSAR G-III Active, radar

disquali flight into ash-contaminated airspace under International Civil Aviation

Organization (ICAO) operating guidelines. Thus, near-source sampling of volcanic
ash plumes where ash concentrations are highest are almost always precluded for
manned aircraft, though widely viewed as critical (e.g. Guffanti, 2012 ).

es

9.3.2 Unmanned aircraft and aerostats
UAV technology and related instrumentation (e.g. Table 9.3 ; Figure 9.2 ; Pieri
et al ., 2013 ) is undergoing rapid maturation and provides promising new avenues
for volcano observations. Such robotic aircraft can be dispatched under hazardous
conditions, in bad weather, in close proximity to hazardous terrain, and within
volcanic clouds - limited only by their operational envelopes, payload risk - cost-
bene

t considerations, and regulations. Overall, UAVs are of high utility for in
situ time-series concentration measurements, and for sampling of gases (e.g. SO 2 ,
CO 2 ,CH 4 ,H 2 S, OCS, CO, H 2 O) and volcanogenic aerosols (e.g. ash, sulfuric
acid), while recording altitudinal pro le data of temperature, pressure, humidity,

and wind velocity (Pieri et al ., 2013 ).
Systematic monthly in situ aerostat (meteorological balloon) SO 2 sampling,
supporting ASTER, is underway at Turrialba Volcano in Costa Rica (Pieri et al .,
2013 ). Such observations complement ying small UAVs,

providing at-a-station observations at altitudes up to 13,000 ft ASL.

those from free-