Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
already shown their worth for deformation studies. A geostationary lidar, prefer-
ably with a scanning capability, would provide an excellent complement to the
passive suite of sensors, but there are no plans for such a system to be developed.
Ground-based systems are developing rapidly and the trend from
in situ
sensors,
to single-pixel remote-sensing systems, scanning systems and on to imaging
systems will likely lead to some standardisation and more frequent operational
use for gas monitoring. One can envisage ground-based remote-sensing systems
consisting of hyper spectral imaging cameras complemented, as in the space-based
systems, with active lidars scanning plumes and providing gas emission rates
and plume tomography in real-time.
As the technologies converge and become standardised, numerical models
will begin to assimilate the measurements with the aim of providing forecasts in
times of crises and perhaps more routine information for the public, particularly for
forecast air quality. Cities near volcanoes, airports and vulnerable industries will
bene
it from such forecasts and it is entirely possible to see, in the not too distant
future, the daily weather report complemented by a short report on the current
air quality due to volcanic emissions. Remote sensing is likely to play an increas-
ingly important role in volcanological research.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to Sarah Millington for a thoughtful review that helped
to improve the manuscript.
References
Bluth, GJS, Doiron, SD, Schnetzler, CC, Krueger, AJ and Walter, LS. 1992. Global
tracking of the SO
2
clouds from the June, 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruptions.
Geophysical
Research Letters
, 19(2), 151
154.
Carn, SA, Krueger, AJ, Bluth, GJS
et al
. 2003. Volcanic eruption detection by the Total
Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments: a 22-year record of sulphur
dioxide and ash emissions.
Geological Society, London, Special Publications
, 213,
177
-
202.
Carn, SA, Krotkov, NA, Fioletov, V
et al
. 2008. Emission, transport and validation of
sulfur dioxide in the 2008 Okmok and Kasatochi eruption clouds.
AGU Fall Meeting
Abstracts
, vol. 1, p.7.
Clarisse, L, Prata, F, Lacour, J-L
et al
. 2010. A correlation method for volcanic ash
detection using hyperspectral infrared measurements.
Geophysical Research Letters
,
37(19).
De Rosa, R. 1999. Compositional modes in the ash fraction of some modern pyroclastic
deposits: their determination and signi
-
173.
Galle, B, Johansson, M, Rivera, C
et al
. 2010. Network for Observation of Volcanic
and Atmospheric Change (NOVAC). A global network for volcanic gas monitoring:
network layout and instrument description.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmos-
pheres
, 115(D5).
cance.
Bulletin of Volcanology
, 61, 162
-
