Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(a)
30
1000 t /d
ALL VOLCANOES
(Burton
et al.
, 2013)
25
20
15
10
5
1
1.5
2
2.5 3
Log CO
2
3.5
4
4.5
5
(b)
Aiuppa
et al.
, 2011
ETNA
7
500 t/d
STROMBOLI
5000 t /d
6
Aiuppa
et al.
, 2006
10 000 t /d
5
Burton
et al.
, 2007
4
Aiuppa
et al.
, 2008
Allard
et al.
, 1991
3
2
1
Allard
et al.
,
1994
0
1
1.5
2 .53
Log CO
2
3.5
4
4.5
5
Figure 6.6
(a) Histogram of volcanic CO
2
fluxes (log scale) for the 33 volca-
noes listed in Burton
et al
.(
2013
); CO
2
fluxes span three orders of magnitude,
with a mode at
~
1000 t/day. (b) Histogram of CO
2
fluxes (log scale) for
Stromboli (white; data are for 5 years of daily CO
2
measurements during
2006
2011; from Aiuppa
et al
.,
2011
) and Etna (black; 3 years of daily CO
2
measurements during 2009
-
-
2011; from Patanè
et al
.,
2013
). Previous CO
2
two orders of
magnitude) temporal variations of CO
2
emissions from both volcanoes cast
doubts on the validity of campaigns involving spot measurements, and empha-
sise the need for continuous long-term observations of CO
2
flux estimates for both volcanoes are indicated. The large (
>
flux using perman-
ent networks.
