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and Fig.
11.21
; see also Column (3) in Table
11.11
). Each conformon is thought
to catalyze one elementary step of a goal-directed process for which a conformer
of COx is postulated to have been selected by evolution. It is also assumed in
Fig.
11.21
that each conformer of COx must be thermally activated/excited to
reach the transition state, C
{
, which is essential for catalyzing the overall process
of the electron transfer from cholesterol to FAD to produce FADH
2
. Because
different conformers are at different distances from the transition state C
{
(Fig.
11.28
) and hence associated with different activation free energy,
D
G
{
,
different conformers are associated with different
waiting times, w,
for
catalyzing the FAD reduction by cholesterol. (For the relation between
D
G
{
and w, see Rows 6 and 8 in Table
11.9
and Eq.
11.46
.)
According to Eq.
11.27
, waiting time is determined by a deterministic compo-
nent which is the function of
D
G
{
as indicated in Rows (6) and (8) in Table
11.9
and
a nondeterministic component which is thought to result from the genetic informa-
tion of the conformons (also called “catalytic negentropy” in Ji 1974a) or “evolu-
tionary information” in Socolich et al. (2005) and Poole and Ranganathan (2006)
(see further explanation given below).
The probability of a photon with wavelength
l
to be absorbed or emitted by the
blackbody at equilibrium is given by the product of two terms: (a) the
Boltzmann
factor
,e
E/kT
, giving the probability of an energy level, E, to be occupied, and (b)
the statistical weight of the energy level E (i.e., the
density of states
, n(E) in Row 9,
Table
11.9
), which is determined by the number of modes of the standing waves
that can be accommodated by the blackbody cavity (Nave 2009).
Similarly, it is postulated here that the deterministic portion of Eq.
11.27
specifying the frequency of the occurrence of waiting time w is given by the product
of two factors:
(a) The
Bose-Einstein factor
(which applies to conformons assumed to be members
of the boson family of quons), 1/(e
b/w
1), where b is a constant and w is
related to activation free energy as shown in Eq.
11.46
(b) The density of states determined by the
aw
5
term, where a is another constant
reflecting the geometrical properties of COx including the “internal
constraints” of the primary, secondary, and tertiary structure of COx (see
Row 9 in Table
11.9
) which differs from the “external constraints” such as
size of the reaction vessel
Based on the transition state theory of reaction rates (Frost and Pearson 1965,
pp. 97-102; Kurzynski 2006, pp. 169-171), the waiting time, w, can be related to
the rate constant k, which in turn is related to the thermodynamic variables as
shown in Eq.
11.46
:
z
=
RT
z
=
R
z
=
RT
e
D
G
e
D
S
e
D
H
¼
=
¼
ð
=
Þ
¼
ð
=
Þð
Þð
Þ
w
1
k
h
k
B
T
h
k
B
T
(11.46)
where
D
G
{
,
D
S
{
, and
D
H
{
are the activation free energy, activation entropy, and
activation enthalpy, respectively; k
B
is the Boltzmann constant; T is the absolute
