Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 7.2
Human Body Burden of BPA (only Studies with
Sensitivity < ~0.1 Ng/g Reported)
Source: Reproduced with permission from Geens et al. (2011).
Tissue/Fluid
Technique
ng/ml
References
Healthy human
serum
HPLC/
coulometry
0.2-20
Vandenberg et al.
(2007)
Maternal serum
GC/MS
4.4 ± 0.64 Schonfelder et al.
(2002)
Fetal cord serum
2.9 ± 0.04
Colostrum
1-7
Kuruto-Niwa et al.
(2007)
Breast milk
HPLC/
derivatization
0.28-0.97 Sun et al. (2004)
0.65-0.70 Otaka et al. (2003)
Saliva
GC/MS
0.30 ±
0.043
Joskow et al. (2006)
Urine
GC/MS
1.5-5.6
Trasande et al. (2012)
1.16
a
Bushnik et al. (2010)
1.79
a
Melzer et al. (2010)
a
Median value (interquartile range).
7.2.1 Exposure to BPA
The main route of BPA into the body is via ingestion, and the role of
containers, water bottles, and baby bottles has been widely discussed (see
Table 7.3
). For instance, PC (baby bottles) in contact with hot water or milk
leach BPA monomer into the liquid at a rate determined by the temperature
and duration of exposure (Le et al., 2008). The possibility of additional BPA
monomerbeinggeneratedintheproductviahydrolysisathightemperature,
especially under alkaline conditions, has been pointed out (Howdeshell et
al., 2003). In recent studies on PC baby bottles, 5-10 ng/ml (or ppb) of
BPA was found to leach into the liquid contents of the bottle (Brede et
al., 2003; Gibson, 2007). Heating or storage of highly acidic or alkaline
food in PC food storage containers also increases potential leaching and
