Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Turner and Meditz, “Introduction,” in Meditz and Merrill,
Zaire: A
Country Study
, xxxix.
88
When the army began rioting
Michela Wrong, in
In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz
, compares the
story of Lumumba and Mobutu to that of Caesar and Brutus, and Macbeth and Banquo. (82)
88
Larry Devlin, a CIA officer
Devlin quoted in Wrong,
In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz
, 77. Wrong
writes that Mobutu had been on the diplomatic radar since before independence, when the Amer-
icans hosted a reception at the US Embassy in Belgium in order to get a better sense of the Con-
golese delegation. Mobutu's name came up repeatedly, everyone remarking on the intelligence of
Lumumba's aide, though some of Mobutu's contemporaries now claim that during the time he
studied journalism in Belgium, he was won over to the Belgian cause and served as their spy.
88
It was only later
Wrong,
In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz
, 80-86. Mobutu worked to create peace,
promising that he would eventually step down, and his government enjoyed a great deal of pop-
ularity: professors and students were in favor of the nationalization of universities; the people sup-
ported his curtailing of the politicians that they perceived as dishonest and self-interested; and the
end of conflict as well as the international demand for copper boosted the Congolese economy.
And yet Mobutu abolished the post of prime minister, ostensibly to prevent the rivalries that had
been so damaging for the country. He banned other political parties and created a one-party state,
gradually becoming obsessed with threats to his power. Thomas Turner writes, “At first, Mobutu
served as president while a popular military man, General Léonard Mulamba, was prime minis-
ter. Then the constitution was amended, eliminating the duality that had led to so many rivalries:
Kasavubu v. Lumumba, Kasavubu v. Tshombe, and so on.”
The Congo Wars
, 34-35.
88
Both then commanded Mobutu
Wrong,
In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz
, 68.
88
The Soviets left
Wrong,
In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz
, 82.
88
A month and a half
Hochschild,
King Leopold's Ghost
, 302.
89
In 1964, a four-part rebellion
Richard Gott, “Introduction,” in Ernesto “Che” Guevara,
The
African Dream: The Diaries of the Revolutionary War in the Congo
(New York: Grove, 2001),
xv-xvi.
89
Tribesmen whose sorcerers
In
The Congo Wars
, Thomas Turner writes that the Simbas “relied
heavily on magical protection, 'Mai Mulele' (later, 'Mai Lumumba'). Rather than working in the
countryside in a Maoist manner, they moved from town to town, in trucks” (33). “Mai” means
“water” and is formulated with the name of a powerful individual for protection, in this case the
Congolese rebel Pierre Mulele or Patrice Lumumba.
90
Believing that colonization
Gott, “Introduction,” in Guevara,
The African Dream
, xvii-xx.
90
As the mercenaries
In
The Congo Wars
, Thomas Turner writes, “The parachutist operation was
necessitated by the threat of Christophe Gbenye, head of the People's Republic, to massacre the
western hostages being held at Kisangani” (34). See also Robert Anthony Waters Jr.,
Historical
Dictionary of United States-Africa Relations
(Lanham: Scarecrow, 2009), 269.
93
As for Albert's father
Different sources list the number of graduates differently. In
The Congo:
From Leopold to Kabila; A People's History
(London: Zed Books, 2002), Georges Nzongola-
Ntalaja writes: “When medical assistants, Catholic priests and agricultural technicians, who had a
university-level education, were excluded, the Congo had about twelve university graduates at in-
dependence” (173). Hochschild, in
King Leopold's Ghost
, writes that there were fewer than thirty
(301). Jason Stearns, in
Dancing in the Glory of Monsters
, writes that there were “five pseudo-uni-
versity graduates at independence” (7).
