Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
schools. Finally, there are local empowerment schemes: local people are given responsibility
for managing the resource, so that they have a vested interest in ensuring its long-term existen-
ce.
Cowlishaw and Dunbar,
Primate Conservation Bi-
ology
, 6.
76
They rotate their fields
The assessment here of the low level of deforestation as a result of tradi-
tional slash-and-burn is based on the assessment in Cowlishaw and Dunbar,
Primate Conservation
Biology
, 192.
77
Whether in Japan or Afghanistan
For a few of the many critiques of NGOs, see:
Mac Chapin, “A Challenge to Conservationists,”
World Watch
magazine, November/Decem-
ber 2004,
http://watha.org/in-depth/EP176A.pdf
.
Dan Brockington and Katherine Scholfield, “The Work of Conservation Organisations in
Sub-Saharan Africa,”
Journal of Modern African Studies
, 48, 1 (2010): 1-33, doi:10.1017/
S0022278X09990206.
Rana Lehr-Lehnardt, “NGO Legitimacy: Reassessing Democracy, Accountability and Trans-
parency,”
Cornell Law School Inter-University Graduate Student Papers
, Paper 6 (2005),
ht-
Issa G. Shivji,
Silences in NGO Discourse: The Role and Future of NGOs in Africa
(Oxford:
Fahamu, 2007),
http://www.oozebap.org/biblio/pdf/2011/shivji_forweb.pdf
.
77
It was hard not to ask
In
Myth and Reality in the Rain Forest
, John F. Oates writes: “I will also
try to show how the conservation projects I am most familiar with in these countries often seem
to have been designed more to improve the career and financial prospects of the consultants and
administrators than to genuinely improve the survival prospects of the forests and their wildlife”
(58). “I also learned . . . that foreign planners, consciously or not, had a strong tendency to design
conservation plans likely to provide significant future benefits to themselves or their own organiz-
ations—either job opportunities for themselves or a continuing role for their organization” (93).
note 1:
Leakey quoted in Peterson and Ammann,
Eating
Apes
, 219-20.
note 2:
In an
Outside
profile of conservationist Mike Fay, who, for his “MegaTransect,” hiked
two thousand miles across the Congo Basin, Michael McRae writes, “In his mind, global conserva-
tion was becoming all theory and no action.” (Transects are surveys in which occurences of plants,
animals, or other phenomena of interest are recorded along a path.) Michael McCrae, “How the
Nomad Found Home,”
Outside
, October 21, 2011,
http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adven-
77
He asserts that
Peterson and Ammann,
Eating Apes
, 220. Oates, in
Myth and Reality in the Rain
Forest
, also addresses the financial question: “The material benefits that have trickled to ordinary
rural people from integrated conservation and development projects have often been slight relative
to those that have flowed to political leaders and bureaucrats in the countries where the projects
have been put into practice, and to the consultant experts and conservation administrators (based
mostly in North America and Europe) who have planned the projects” (xvi).
77
By partnering with local leaders
In
Myth and Reality in the Rain Forest
, Oates examines “the
origins of the current enthusiasm for 'community-based' conservation efforts” and discusses “the
dangers of this approach, which appears to be based in part on the myth that, left to their own
devices, poor rural people in the tropics will inevitably act as good wildlife conservationists” (44).
However, he acknowledges the importance of working with the local people and that there is a
need for outside support.
81
Hearing him speak
Peterson and Ammann,
Eating Apes
, 221.
81
BCI built their projects
For an analysis of how BCI built local partnerships in Kokolopori, see
L. Alden Almquist et al., “Kokolopori and the Bonobo Peace Forest in the Democratic Republic of
