Notes - Empty Hands, Open Arms - page 188

vincing. Fossils are difficult to find in forests, but they are there.” Human Evolution: A Very Short
Introdution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 69.
57 Before the arrival of There are a number of theories explaining pygmy size, among them lack
of sunlight and low calcium intake, but a new study suggests that other factors might be in play,
such as selection for genes that provide the strong immune systems necessary to live in the tropical
forests and that have the secondary trait of small stature. Katherine Unger Baillie, “Penn Geneti-
cist Researches What Makes Pygmies Short,” Penn Current , May 3, 2012, http://www.upenn.edu/
pennnews/current/2012-05-03/latest-news/penn-geneticist-researches-what-makes-pygmies-short .
57 As Dale Peterson writes in Peterson and Ammann, Eating Apes , 124.
57-58 The destruction of other creatures ' In “State of the Species,” Charles Mann makes an argument
for the ability of humans to adapt and find solutions before we destroy our habitat. Mann, “State
of the Species,” Orion Magazine (Nov/Dec 2012).
61 There were four working vehicles

The census numbers for Djolu Territory date back to 2004

and are likely much higher now.

The Bonobos of Kokolopori

67 But when he crossed east Peterson and Ammann, Eating Apes , 75.
67 Bongandu literally means The words “Mongandu” and “Bongandu” are often mistakenly used
interchangeably. Anthropologist Alden Almquist explained the following to me: “'Mongandu'
means a Ngandu person, not the culture. 'Bongandu' or 'Bongando' is the people. Mo/Ba are clas-
sic Bantu language prefixes designating person(s). The safest usage in print is to use the root as an
adjective, as in 'Ngandu culture,' 'Ngandu territory' (but 'territory of the Bangandu/Bongandu').
The terminal 'u' or 'o' varies both in usage and in written reference.”
67 Kano established his first The Luo Scientific Reserve was gazetted in 1990. There is a mistaken
notion that Wamba, in the Luo Scientific Reserve, is the only place where one can see habituated
bonobos. Wamba was the first, but there have been other sites for years, and their numbers are
growing.
67 Recent studies theorize Brian Hare, Victoria Wobber, and Richard Wrangham, “The Self-Do-
mestication Hypothesis: Evolution of Bonobo Psychology Is Due to Selection Against Aggres-
sion,” Animal Behaviour 83 no. 3 (March 2012): 573-85.
68 Not only are the statuses Whereas chimpanzee males form alliances to take power in their group
and win both breeding rights and control over food sources, bonobo males do not. Wrangham and
Peterson, Demonic Males , 211; Joroen M. G. Stevens, Hilde Vervaecke, and Linda Van Elsacker,
“The Bonobo's Adaptive Potential: Social Relations under Captive Conditions,” in Furuichi and
Thompson, The Bonobos: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation , 28.
68 And, even if Frans de Waal, “Foreword, Behavioral Study Section,” in Furuichi and Thompson,
The Bonobos: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation , 13; Kano, The Last Ape: Pygmy Chimpanzee
Behavior and Ecology , 189.
68 Their hip movements are fast Wrangham and Peterson, Demonic Males , 209-10.
68 The result is that males Lacambra et al., “Bonobo (Pan paniscus) ,” in Caldecott and Miles,
World Atlas of Great Apes and Their Conservation , 87.
68 This strengthens the bond Wrangham and Peterson, Demonic Males , 212-27.
69 When a leopard bit him Alan Root, Ivory, Apes, and Peacocks: Animals, Adventure and Dis-
covery in the Wild Places of Africa (London: Chatto & Windus, 2012), 143.
71 The seeds are mixed with Cowlishaw and Dunbar, Primate Conservation Biology , 89.
71 Because the bonobos travel Zoologist and conservationist Ian Redmond explained this to me at
Kokolopori. The process is also described in Frances White, “Seed Dispersal by Bonobos and the