Fundamentals - Wildland Fuel Fundamentals and Applications - page 33

because of changes in plant phenology, the rate of decay, and abiotic interactions,
such as grazing, trampling, and deposition (Chap. 6). As a result, the packing ratio,
similar to fuelbed depth, is probably most applicable to one-dimensional fire be-
havior modeling and has little value in wildland fuel ecology. It would be difficult
to quantify the packing ratio and its optimum in the field because of the mentioned
scale issues and their temporally dynamic quality.
References
Agee JK, Skinner CN (2005) Basic principles of forest fuel reduction treatments. Forest Ecol
Manage 211:83-96
Albini FA (1976) Estimating wildfire behavior and effects. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain
Research Station, General Technical Report INT-30. Ogden, UT, 23 pp
Alexander ME (2014) Part 4: the science and art of wildland fire behaviour prediction. In: Scott
AC, Bowman DMJS, Bond WJ, Pyne SJ, Alexander ME (eds) Fire on earth: an introduction.
Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester
Anderson HE (1969) Heat transfer and fire spread. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper INT-69. Ogden, UT.,
USA, 20 pp
Andrews PL (1986) BEHAVE: fire behavior prediction and fuel modeling system—BURN sub-
system. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Research Paper INT-194. Og-
den UT, USA, 130 pp
Andrews PL (2014) Current status and future needs of the behave plus fire modeling system. Int J
Wildland Fire 23(1):21-33
Andrews PL, Rothermel RC (1982) Charts for interpreting wildland fire behavior characteristics.
US Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range experiment station, General Technical
Report INT-131. Ogden, UT, USA, 23 pp
Barrows JS (1951) Fire behavior in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Northern Rocky Mountain
Forest & Range Experiment Station, Paper 29, 274 pp
Bebi P, Kulakowski D, Veblen TT (2003) Interactions between fire and spruce beetles in a
subalpine rocky mountain forest landscape. Ecology 84(2):362-371 doi:10.1890/0012-
9658(2003)084[0362:ibfasb]2.0.co;2
Brown AA, Davis K (1973) Forest fire control and use, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
Brown JK (1970a) A method for inventorying downed woody fuel. USDA Forest Service, Inter-
mountain Research Station, General Technical Report INT-16. Ogden, UT, 16 pp
Brown JK (1970b) Ratios of surface area to volume for common fire fuels. Forest Sci 16:101-105
Burgan RE (1987) Concepts and interpreted examples in advanced fuel modeling. USDA For-
est Service, Intermountain Research Station, General Technical Report INT-238. Ogden, UT,
USA, 40 pp
Byram GM (1958) Some basic thermal processes controlling the effects of fire on living veg-
etation. USDA Forest Service Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Research Note 114.
Asheville, NC, USA, 2 pp
Byram GM (1959) Combustion of forest fuels. In: Brown KP (ed) Forest fire: control and use.
McGraw-Hill, New York, p 584
Campbell GS, Jungbauer JD, Bristow KL, Hungerford RD (1995) Soil temperature and water
content beneath a surface fire. Soil Sci W 159(6):363-374
Canham CD, Loucks OL (1984) Catastrophic windthrow in the presettlement forests of Wisconsin.
Ecology 65(3):803-809. doi:10.2307/1938053
Catchpole WR, Catchpole EA, Butler BW, Rothermel RC, Morris GA, Latham DJ (1998) Rate of
spread of free-burning fires in woody fuels in a wind tunnel. Combust Sci Technol 131:1-37