Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Ankasa Resource Reserve
Nzulezo
Total arrivals (Nzulezo)
2006
12 000
10 000
2007
2008
8 000
2 000
6 000
1 800
1 600
4 000
1 400
2 000
1 200
-
1 000
800
600
400
200
-
2006
2007
2008
Year
Month
Residents (Nzulezo)
2006
Non-Residents (Nzulezo)
2006
2007
2008
2007
2008
1 000
1 000
900
900
800
800
700
700
600
600
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
-
-
Month
Month
Fig. 5
Monthly and yearly distribution of tourist visits from two touristic sites located around Amanzule wetlands, Ghana (Source Data from
Ghanaian tourism review)
of services from them will be affected. How to get oil com-
panies to pay for offsets and get involved in mangrove res-
toration and conservation remains a challenge. They need to
be guided within a certain platform on mangrove ecosystem
valuation information on what society will lose if the eco-
system services provided by the mangroves are lost, and they
must pay costs for their replacement/restoration of these
degraded ecosystems.
community level. The role played by each of these stake-
holders has a direct or indirect impact on the resource.
At the apex of the stakeholder spectrum is the national
government whose policies and programmes for manage-
ment of mangroves and associated wetlands are imple-
mented through the Wildlife Division of the Forestry
Commission and other related agencies such as the Lands
Commission and the Department of Town and Country
Planning. At the regional level, there is the Regional Coor-
dinating Council. The local level is represented by a number
of players or interest groups whose actions or inactions
determine the outcome of all mangrove management efforts
now and in the foreseeable future. These include, among
others, the district assemblies with their substructures, civil
society groups, producer groups and trade associations, tra-
ditional authorities, commercial organizations and local
communities around the mangrove forests. Stakeholders and
institutional analysis from the policy to field levels are
presented in Tables
5
and
6
. In each tier, the major actors are
identified, together with their roles and responsibilities, and
Institutional Issues and Governances
of Wetlands and Potentials for a Coastal
and Marine PES Scheme
Institutions and Stakeholders for Mangrove
Management
The institutions and stakeholders in the management of
mangrove forests in the Western Region of Ghana reflect a
broad range of interests at the national, regional and local
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