Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Plate 6
Mobil Qua Iboe terminal (
www.oil-spill-info.com
)
Table 1
Tidal current velocities
in Qua Iboe River estuary and
Calabar River between August
and September 2006
Max. surface tidal current velocity
(m/s)
Max. bottom tidal current velocity
(m/s)
Qua Iboe River
estuary
Calabar
River
Qua Iboe River
estuary
Calabar
River
Flood
Current
Spring
80
46.99
56
32.89
Mean
50.99
29
35.7
20.3
Neap
48.78
27
34.15
18.9
Ebb Current
Spring
119.05
72.99
83.33
51.09
Mean
80
49
56
34.3
Neap
73.8
42.99
51.66
30.09
Source Antia et al. (
2012
)
sustainable. It focuses on local culture, wilderness adven-
tures,
Box 5: Factors favoring decision for ecotourism
• Ecotourism is intended as a low-impact and often
small-scale
personal
growth,
and
learning
new
ways
of
life
(Shapley
2002
; Ukpolo et al.
2008
).
Ecotourism is an environment-friendly activity that
inculcates environmental values and ethics. Ecotourism
continues to be a popular option because of its claim to
support conservation attempts through market-based
mechanisms. It is sustainable tourism, which is nature based
and incorporates a desire to minimize negative social and
environmental impacts and embrace economic, environ-
mental, social, community, and visitor benefits (Boo
1990
;
Herath
2002
). Its purpose may be to educate the traveler, to
provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly ben-
efit the economic development and political empowerment
of local communities, or to foster respect for different cul-
tures and for human rights. Ecotourism combines environ-
mental responsibility with the generation of local economic
benefits that will have both a development impact and serve
as conservation incentives.
alternative
to
standard
commercial
tourism.
• Commitment to ecotourism as a trade activity is
increasing globally.
• Ecotourism is primarily nature based and immen-
sely contribution to export earnings, poverty alle-
viation, and employment creation, among others, if
well managed.
• Provision of limited development assistance to
address microlevel issues such as enterprise
development, increased benefit sharing among key
actors, etc.
• Existence of complimentary development assis-
tance both internal and external governmental and
non-governmental sources, e.g., IUCN and World
bank.
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