Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
The goal is to develop common procedures for obtaining an 'energy
performance certificate'. The present work provides transparent informa-
tion regarding output data (reference values, benchmarks etc.) and defines
comparable energy-related key values (kWh/m
2
, kWh per person, kWh per
apartment, kWh per produced unit etc.). Proposals to develop a common
procedure for an 'energy performance certificate' and CO
2
emissions are
given here.
Analyses of energy performance would be initiated from a country's
power generation pattern [52] (Figure 1.5), with energy consumption by
sector and energy consumption by utility (as shown in Figures 1.6 and 1.7
for Egypt), as an example. In commercial buildings, air-conditioning systems
can consume as much as 56% of the total energy used in the building.
Therefore, it is a challenge to design an optimum HVAC airside system that
provides comfort and air quality in air-conditioned spaces with efficient
energy consumption. The air condition to be maintained is dictated by how
the conditioned space is used and by the comfort of users. Therefore, the air
conditioning embraces more than cooling or heating. Comfortable air con-
ditioning is defined as 'the process of treating air to control simultaneously
its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to meet the comfort
requirements of the occupants of the conditioned space' [53]. Air conditioning,
therefore, includes the entire heat exchange operation in addition to the regu-
lation of velocity, thermal radiation and quality of air, as well as the removal
of foreign particles and vapours [53].
It is probable that one calculation method will not cover all aspects and
building categories for the proposed directive. For some applications, more
Power generation by plant type
To tal generated 108 MWh-
14%
1%
56%
19%
10%
Steam turbines
Gas turbines
Combined cycles
Wind turbines
Hydroelectric
FIGURE 1.5
Current power generation technologies in Egypt. (From Khalil, E. E. (2012). Energy performance
of commercial buildings: A new direction,
Proceedings, ASME IMECE
, November.)
