Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
fulfil the purposes mentioned earlier. Normally, the heating bills are based
on measured heat delivered to the building. In most cases, the energy for
domestic hot water is included in the heating bill. To get the total energy use
in a building, the electricity to run the building and household electricity
have to be added. In electrically heated houses (common in, e.g. Sweden),
the homeowner just has one bill covering the total energy use. To make the
measured values objective and comparable, several corrections and calcula-
tions are necessary:
1. Verify that the indoor thermal comfort and air quality meet agreed
requirements
2. Make corrections for the heat use to normal outdoor climate—
primarily outdoor temperature (maybe also solar heat gain)
3. Make necessary corrections for internal heat gains (e.g. differences
in household electricity)
7.2.3 Energy Declaration of New Buildings
The energy declaration of a new building has to be based on calculations.
In comparison with existing buildings, details of the building construction
are available. The most critical part for the outcome of calculations is the
choice of input data. To achieve good comparability, a common procedure
to determine input data (such as energy for domestic hot water, household
electricity or electricity for the activity in the building, choice of indoor tem-
perature, electricity for operating the building, energy for lighting etc.) has
to be developed.
In many countries, numerous new buildings have very low energy
demand for heating. The solar heat gain, internal gains and energy losses
from equipment and so forth cover the major part of the heating demand.
In several buildings, the internal gains are so large that cooling is nec-
essary even in temperate climate. For buildings with large glassed areas
and/or  large internal gains, the energy calculations need to be done
on an hourly basis. Many modern apartment blocks, offices, education
buildings  and restaurants need very little heat supply from the heating
system but very often need air-conditioning to attain acceptable thermal
comfort.
7.2.4 Issues for International Collaboration
1. Develop standardised tools for the calculation of the energy perfor-
mance of buildings taking into account the factors outlined in ISO
13790 that cover many aspects but still have to be completed.
2. Define system boundaries for the different building categories and
different heating systems.
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