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3. A method for establishing the air change rate based on air leakage
(air infiltration), airing and natural/hybrid/mechanical ventilation
should also be developed.
4. Verification and normalisation methods for credibility and to com-
pare among countries.
5. Calculation schemes for the use of renewable energy sources in
different applications in buildings and particularly in desert areas.
It is probable that one calculation method will not cover all aspects
and building categories of the directive. For some applications, more
advanced simulation models will have to be used to provide satisfactory
accuracy. The  on-going and future work on methods for validation and
documentation of simulation tools [10,11] could be valuable in a process of
approving models.
6.1.4 Mathematical Simulation Tools
A handful of calculation tools and simulation models have been developed
over the past few years, both inside and outside of International Energy
Agency (IEA) projects. These tools are still dispersed, and their integration
into the global energy analysis in the design practice has not been achieved
until now. In addition, a great deal of effort has also been invested by other
research organisations to produce user-friendly simulation models; however,
the practical use of existing simulation models is very limited in building and
heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) design. Many powerful models
stay unused because of their poor documentation, poor manuals, and/or
because their users are not provided with simple and transparent procedures
for model input generation. This can be improved by providing guidelines for
input generation and for the use of standard product databases.
Simulation should be applied in all stages of the building design process
so that quick feedback on design implications can be given. Simulation tools
should also allow the designer to compare various options and see whether
(or to what extent) each component is necessary. A well-defined task is to
investigate the availability and accuracy of building energy analysis tools
and engineering models to evaluate the performance of solar and low energy
buildings. The scope of the task is limited to whole building energy analy-
sis tools, including emerging modular type tools, and to widely used solar
and low-energy design concepts. Tool evaluation activities will include ana-
lytical, comparative and empirical methods, with emphasis given to blind
empirical validation using measured data from test rooms or full-scale
buildings. Documentation of engineering models will use existing standard
reporting formats and procedures. However, tool users, such as architects,
air-conditioning engineers, energy  consultants, product manufacturers,
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