Analysis of the Relationship Between Agriculture, Economic Growth, and the Environment Through Keynesian Models - The Agricultural Economics of the 21st Century - page 105

and policymaking in developing countries, from a perspective of environment,
economic growth, and income distribution.
A good sustainable development is the challenge for the future. In this way, Zuo
and Ai ( 2011 ) analyzed the relationship between energy consumption, economic
growth, and environmental sustainability, with an endogenous economic growth
model.
From another perspective, with panel data econometric techniques, by consid-
ering 213 countries and for the period 1970-2008, A¸ıcı ( 2013 ) analyzed the
relationship between economic growth and environmental sustainability. This
author used variables related with net forest depletion, mineral depletion, energy
depletion, carbon dioxide damage, real pressure on nature (this is calculated by the
natural disinvestment component of the Adjusted Net Savings data of the World
Bank that is the sum of energy, mineral, net forest depletions, and carbon dioxide
damage, all measured in US dollars), real gross national income, population
density, education, openness, rule of law, and democracy. The conclusions suggest
that there is a close relationship between economic growth and the lack of envi-
ronmental sustainability, namely in middle-income countries, although the effects
may change across the variables. For example, while the pressure on forests
decreases with economic growth, carbon dioxide and mineral extraction damage
increases.
The interactions between the environment, technology, economic growth, and
sustainability were also analyzed by Arrow et al. ( 1995 ) and Young ( 1999 ).
The changes which occurred in society's evolution over the last century were
determinant for the recent concerns related with economic growth and the environ-
ment. The transition from agricultural to industrial sectors can be an important
determinant of the environmental quality (Cherniwchan 2012 ). This author consid-
ering the neoclassical models and the environmental Kuznets curve studied these
contexts with panel data, in 157 countries from 1970 to 2000. The conclusions
indicate that industrialization processes are the main determinants for the increase
in sulfur emissions. The variables considered are associated with the sulfur emis-
sions per capita, share of industrial production in GDP, saving rates, population
growth rate, openness, lack of schooling, school years, and hard coal supply.
Analyzing the influence of the environmental quality in economic growth, in an
inverse perspective, and taking into account the endogenous theory, Barman and
Gupta ( 2010 ) built a model to analyze the relationship between economic growth,
public expenditure, the effects of congestion, and the environmental quality and
conclude that the environmental quality positively affects economic growth. Ewijk
and Wijnbergen ( 1995 ) examined the interactions between pollution, abatement
strategies, and economic growth, considering a model for the endogenous growth
theory. They concluded that pollution had,

indeed, a negative impact on

productivity.
From a perspective of interaction among economic growth, environment, and
health, Egger ( 2009 ) gave some interesting insights about the perverse effects of
economic improvements upon the appearance of new diseases and environmental
problems.