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their well-being status and progress and make
informed decisions on their health. The user can
use WD to manage different aspects of well-being
by selecting among various health variables. The
use can adjust WD according to the needs that may
change over time. The user can also set individual
goals (Mattila et al., 2008; Mattila 2010).
Mobility is a key aspect of WD, allowing
well-being management to be integrated to ev-
eryday life. As a mobile phone application, WD
is always on hand, enabling users to perform
health management related tasks anytime and
anywhere, both during the idle moments of life
and when making lifestyle choices. On the other
hand, mobility poses several challenges, such as
the limited input and output facilities of mobile
devices and the frequent interruptions and multi-
tasking typical of mobile usage situations (Dunlop
& Brewster, 2002).
The main design requirement for self-moni-
toring in WD was that it should enable long-term
usage despite the limitations of the mobile plat-
form. Technology Acceptance Model for Mobile
services (TAMM) and the related design implica-
tions were selected as the design and evaluation
guidelines for WD (Kaasinen, 2005b).
The main design target regarding ease of
use was supporting momentary use. WD self-
observations were designed to be simple and have
only a few parameters for the user to fill in. Data
entry was designed as numeric fields, drop-down
menus, or sliders; it was considered too laborious
to require the user to enter text using the small
keypad of a mobile phone, especially the numeric
T9 keypad. Data entry was further facilitated
by automatically time-stamping the entries, but
allowing the user to alter them if needed. As a
result of these design choices, each entry takes
less than 30 seconds to make. Entries can also
be made automatically by enabling data transfer
from measurement devices.
Momentary usage was facilitated by providing
shortcuts from the main view to all of the main
functionalities of the application. Stand-alone
implementation of WD also supported momentary
usage by making its usage free of charge and in-
dependent of location, time and network coverage.
The value of WD to the user was planned to
be mainly well-being-related, i.e. the application
should help its users in self-management through
self-monitoring and feedback. The diary should
also feel personal. Although the self-observations
needed to be simple to facilitate use, it was ac-
knowledged that too strict limitation of inputs did
not allow users to enter all the data they considered
relevant to them, and therefore optional fields were
also included. For example in the exercise entry,
in addition to the required duration parameter,
fields for entering the sport, intensity, distance, and
average heart rate were included. A free text note
field was included in all entries to allow entering
any personally relevant information.
Feedback was designed to enable efficient
self-evaluation with respect to personal goals
and to illustrate the effects of user's actions.
The main requirements for feedback were that
it should be easy to interpret, that the status and
progress in health-related parameters should be
shown explicitly and immediately, and that the
feedback should enable the evaluation of the
effects of behavioural changes on well-being.
Simple graphs such as line and bar charts that
display the status with respect to personal goals
formed the basis of the feedback. Flexible view-
ing and browsing options were implemented in
order to enable different types of visual analyses
by the user. For example, options to view graphs
on different time scales, scroll graphs in time,
view individual points in the graph, and overlay
graphs of different parameters in the same view
were provided. Also simple statistics of entries
were included to provide another form of feedback.
For example, in the main view, weekly sums or
averages of entries provide a quick summary of
the status of different health variables.
As WD is a health-related service, privacy
protection was the main trust related design target.
The user owns the data he/she enters in WD and
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