Environmental Engineering Reference
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considered integral part and also the driving force in ecosystem dynamics in most of
the regions in the Himalaya and elsewhere. Present study indicates that even a short
period of protection (e.g. 5-8 years) is suffi cient to permit the oak to reestablish and
regenerate and to check the invasion of pine in valley areas in central Himalaya. It
is important to identify such sites in the region. Conservation of such areas not only
would help people directly by supplying the ecosystem goods and but also indi-
rectly through increase in biodiversity and conservation of soil, nutrients and mois-
ture and various other ecological services.
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