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8. Examples can be found in: David Annandale, “The Subversive Carnival of
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas,” in The Meaning and Culture of Grand
Theft Auto: Critical Essays , ed. Nate Garrelts (Jef erson, NC: McFarland &
Company, 2006); Mark Finn, “Political Interference: The Banning of GTA3
in Australia,” in The Meaning and Culture of Grand Theft Auto: Critical
Essays , ed. Nate Garrelts (Jef erson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2006);
Dennis Redmond, “Grand Theft Video: Running and Gunning for the U.S.
Empire,” in The Meaning and Culture of Grand Theft Auto: Critical Essays ,
ed. Nate Garrelts (Jef erson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2006).
9. Lisa Gring-Pemble and Martha Solomon Watson, “The Rhetorical Limits
of Satire: An Analysis of James Finn Garner's Politically Correct Bedtime
Stories,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 89, no. 2 (2003): 137.
10. Joh n C . Meyer, “Hu mor a s a D ouble - E d ged Sword : Fou r Fu nc t ion s of Hu mor
in Communication,” Communication Theory 10, no. 3 (2000): 317.
11. Joshua M. Averbeck and Dale Hample, “Ironic Message Production: How
and Why We Produce Ironic Messages,” Communication Monographs 75,
no. 4 (2008): 407.
12. Paul Skalski et al., “Ef ects of Humor on Presence and Recall of Persuasive
Messages,” Communication Quarterly 57, no. 2136-53 (2009).
13. Gring-Pemble and Watson, “The Rhetorical Limits of Satire: An Analysis of
James Finn Garner's Politically Correct Bedtime Stories,” 148.
14. Parents Television Council, “Grand Theft Auto: Vice City: More of the
Same,” http://www.parentstv.org/ptc/videogames/reviews/vicecity.asp.
15. CBNNews.com , “'Grand Theft Auto' a Concern for Parents,” http://
www.cbn.com/cbnnews/us/2008/May/Grand-Theft-Auto-a-Concern-for-
Parents-/.
16. Tim Winter quoted in ibid.
17. Jacob Moore, “Grand Theft Auto Continues Amoral Tone,” CBNNews.
com, http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/us/2009/February/Grand-Theft-Auto-
Continues-Amoral-Tone-/.
18. A particularly good example of this is the debate over drunk driving in GTA
IV . Having tried it once in the game, I'd never attempt it again, as the in-
game consequence was a blurry camera that made me motion sick.
19. For more on this, see: Denis Cummings, “Murder Reignites Grand Theft
Auto Controversy,” Finding Dulcinea, http://www.fi ndingdulcinea.com/
news/technology/July-August-08/Murder-Reignites-Grand-Theft-Auto-
Controversy.html.
20. Douglass Perry, “Grand Theft Auto,” IGN. com , http://psx.ign.com/
articles/150/150151p1.html.
21. Doug Perry, “Grand Theft Auto III,” IGN.com, http://ps2.ign.com/
articles/165/165548p1.html.
22. Chien, “Moving Violations,” 80.
23. Clive Thompson, “The Bad Lietenant,” Wired , http://www.wired.com/
gaming/gamingreviews/commentary/games/2005/11/69626.
24. Perry, “Grand Theft Auto.”
25. Dean Austin, “Grand Theft Auto 2,” IGN.com, http://psx.ign.com/
articles/162/162390p1.html.
26. Perry, “Grand Theft Auto.”
27. Ibid.
28. Austin, “Grand Theft Auto 2.”
29. Tasos Kalafas, “Grand Theft Auto Review,” GameSpot, http://
www.gamespot.com/pc/adventure/grandtheftauto/review.html?
om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary;read-review.
30. Austin, “Grand Theft Auto 2.”
 
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