Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
1993
Croatia, Czech Republic (in succession to Czechoslovakia),
Estonia, Maldives, Slovakia (in succession to Czechoslovakia),
Suriname (133)
1994
Armenia, Bosnia & Herzegovina (135)
1996
Georgia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (139)
1997
Latvia (140)
1998
Lithuania (141)
1999
Monaco, Saint Vincent & the Grenadines (143)
2001
Algeria (144)
2002
Holy See, Morocco (146)
2003
Antigua & Barbuda, Mali, Palau, Sudan, Timor-Leste (151)
2004
Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan (153)
2005
Moldavia (154)
STATES SIGNATORIES BUT NOT PARTIES
States that signed the
BWC but did not ratify it numbered 18 for many years. Then in 2002 Mo-
rocco and in 2003 Mali ratified the BWC. The remaining 16 states in
this category are Burundi, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt,
Gabon, Guyana, Haiti, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Myanmar (which
had signed as Burma), Nepal, Somalia, Syria, Tanzania, and United Arab
Emirates. For over 30 years these states have been subject to the signa-
tory obligation to refrain from acts that would defeat the object and pur-
pose of the Convention.
STATES NEITHER PARTIES NOR SIGNATORIES
There is no official
list of states in this category—understandably, because it would inevita-
bly run into controversy at the margins of statehood. Caution therefore
restricts us to the use of the UN membership list, without prejudice to
the statehood claims of nonmembers. There are 22 member states of the
UN that are neither parties nor signatories to the BWC. These are
Andorra, Angola, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Guinea,
Israel, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Micronesia,
Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Samoa, Tajikistan, Trinidad & Tobago,
Tuvalu, and Zambia.
Does customary international law constrain these states? Evidence for
the existence of a norm may be found in UN resolutions and other au-
thoritative sources, but it would be stronger if state practice were consis-
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