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immediate onset of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mental confusion, hypo-
tension, and other symptoms. They cause skin blistering and necrosis (re-
portedly more effectively on a weight basis than mustard). Gastrointesti-
nal hemorrhage is common in severe cases, causing bloody vomit and
diarrhea, and other hemorrhages (lungs, skin) are also seen. LD
50
values
(the dose that causes death in 50 percent of exposed individuals) for in-
gestion in animals are in the range of 1-10 milligrams per kilogram of
body weight. The adult human lethal ingested dose has been estimated,
very roughly, from natural outbreaks caused by consumption of spoiled
OH
O
O
R1
R4
CH
2
R2
CH
3
R3
R1
R2
R3
R4
O
CH
3
O
OC
O
OC
T2
OC
CH
2
CH
H
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
O
OC
O
OC
DAS
H
H
CH
3
CH
3
NIV
O
OH
OH
OH
DON
O
OH
OH
H
Figure 13.1
The major trichothecene mycotoxins: diacetoxyscirpenol
(DAS), nivalenol (NIV), and deoxynivalenol (DON). (Source: Committee on
Protection against Mycotoxins,
Protection against Trichothecene Mycotoxins
[Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1983], pp. 18-19.)
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