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the supplier could not obtain an export license, and the contract was
finally cancelled in late 1989.
However, the priority on production in 1988 led Iraq to pursue another
option for fermenters. The TRC became aware that a line of fermenters
was available at the Veterinary Research Laboratories at Al Kindi. Consid-
eration was given to producing botulinum toxin in these fermenters at Al
Kindi. Iraq stated that this option was not adopted; instead, Al Kindi
fermenters were requisitioned and transferred to Al Hakam in late 1988.
UNMOVIC can confirm the acquisition but not the exact date of transfer.
According to Iraq, the fermenter from Al Taji was also transferred to
Al Hakam at the end of 1988. Thus, by the end of 1988, Al Hakam, after
a rushed construction and acquisition program, was ready to produce
agent. The war with Iran ended in August 1988; therefore, it might have
been expected that the pace of production would have slowed. However,
the evidence provided to UNMOVIC indicates the contrary: for two years
after the end of the war the momentum continued, because no one was
sure that the war would not restart. Activities included BW agent produc-
tion, new research projects, and weapons testing and development.
Botulinum Toxin Production
Iraq has stated that production of botulinum toxin began at Al Hakam,
first in the fermenter from Al Taji in January 1989, and then in the veteri-
nary fermenter line in February 1989. Iraq has also declared that, from
the start of production at Al Hakam in January 1989 to August 1990,
13,600 liters of concentrated botulinum toxin were produced; in ad-
dition, 5,000 liters of botulinum toxin were produced at Al Manal, at
Daura, in late 1990.
Anthrax Spore Production
Iraq has declared that in early 1989 Al Hakam did not produce anthrax
spores; however, pilot-scale production of anthrax was started at Al
Salman in March 1989 and continued there for four months. Anthrax
spore production at Al Hakam was said to have started in June 1990.
Up to August 1990, total production of (concentrated) anthrax spores
was stated to be 170 liters, a relatively small amount compared with
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