Biology Reference
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appreciation—of the various ways in which such weapons have been re-
garded over those decades. The following chapters attempt to fill this gap,
by providing a concise and accurate history of offensive BW programs
since 1945, and by drawing possible lessons from that history with regard
to strengthening the long-standing total prohibition of BW. Whenever
possible we use primary sources to provide an accurate account of why
some countries sought biological weapons and why some abandoned
such programs. Because primary sources are not uniformly available for
all countries and periods, however, there is inevitable variation in the
depth of coverage.
Despite these limitations, there is an immense amount of material
1925 Geneva Protocol
1972 BWC
1993 CWC
1945
1955
1965
1975
1985
1995
2005
USA
UK
Canada
France
USSR
Iraq
South Africa
Figure 1.1 Major arms control and disarmament treaties limiting BW (top)
and known offensive BW programs (bottom) since 1945.
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