Environmental Engineering Reference
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underlying data, it is crucial that the user of such a map, graph or table, is aware of
the data source, quality and the
filtering and transformation procedures applied to
the data (Kwakkel et al. 2014 ).
Another approach to deal with data scarcity is to make use of proxies, based on
simpler-accessible data. Quasi-continuous data from remote sensing is often used as
proxies for the environment as well as socio-economic aspects. This information
can be transferred into data format that is usable for instance in models for pre-
dictions, risk analysis or resource management. For some basic purposes, paper
maps might be suf
cient to inform decision-makers as well as the public. However,
in a complex and changing world, more sophisticated tools for data assimilation and
especially visualization should be considered. Virtual Geographic Environment
(VGE) systems might be a good tool that is interactive enough to cope with future
challenges of water scarcity. Various web-based visualization tools have become
available lately and can be helpful for understanding and sharing of data, and results
from mapping and modelling. Those tools often allow for the inclusion of and
interaction with the population that improves their acceptance of decision-makers
'
actions.
The choice of visualization type has a strong influence on the Viewer and needs
to be carefully selected (Kwakkel et al. 2014 ). This is especially true because the
same data can produce different types of visualizations that in turn present and
transfer different information to the viewer. In the case of WPM, this means, for
example that a histogram can reveal statistics of a certain area but is often gener-
alizing, which means that geographic differences in water service access might be
extraordinarily high in one part and extraordinarily low in another part of that area.
For this reason, geospatial maps are needed to combine the statistics and the spatial
distribution of water access.
References
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Development Proceedings of Regional Workshops on Water Loss Reduction in Africa . Bonn:
UNW-DPC.
Ardakanian, R., & Liebe, J. (Eds). (2012). Research and capacity development on water resources
management by the United Nations University: Focus on Africa. In Proceedings of a Special
Session at the 12th WaterNet Symposium , October 2012 (p. 88). Bonn: UNW-DPC.
Binley, A., Cassiani, G., & Deiana, R. (2010). Hydrogeophysics : Opportunities and challenges.
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Barry, B., Namara, R. E., & Bahri, A. (2009). Better rural livelihoods through omproved irrigation
management: Office du Niger (Mali). In R. Lenton & M. Muller (Eds.), Integrated Water
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87).
London: Global Water Partnership, Earthscan.
Bonneau, G.-P., Ertl, T., & Nielson, G. (Eds.). (2006). Scienti c visualization: The visual
extraction of knowledge from data . Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.
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