Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
The whole progress can take a long time. In order to plan this process, a strategic
plan should be developed (Scheierling et al.
2010
):
Multi-barrier approach (Faruqui et al.
2004
; WHO
2006b
; Scheierling et al.
2010
; USEPA
2012
)
From an end-of-pipe to a source approach (Bahri
2009
)
Reduction of environmental contamination through source separation and
moving towards separate treatment of industrial ef
uent (Buechler et al.
2006
;
Bahri
2009
; Scheierling et al.
2010
; Kurian et al.
2013
)
Opening up the perspective and aiming at integrated approaches
Using a multisectoral approach involving various governmental agencies and
institutions work on issues related to wastewater reuse (Buechler et al.
2006
;
Scheierling et al.
2010
; Kurian and Ardakanian
2013
)
Move from a focus on wastewater regulation and treatment towards one in
which treatment and non-treatment options are combined to reduce health risks
(Buechler et al.
2006
; Bahri
2009
)
Multi-purpose approach based on the perception of wastewater as a valuable
resource (c.f. Pearce
2008
; USEPA
2012
). Some authors even call for a para-
digm shift in wastewater treatment and reuse (Bahri
2009
; Scheierling et al.
2010
)
Promoting stakeholder participation and social acceptance
Involve all stakeholders from the start in water reuse operations and ensure
multi-stakeholder platforms to facilitate dialogue, participatory technology
development, innovation uptake and social learning (Bahri
2009
)
Particular focus on practitioners, especially wastewater using farmers (Buechler
et al.
2006
; Adjaye-Gbewonyo
2008
; Scheierling et al.
2010
)
Involvement of private sector institutions (Scheierling et al.
2010
)
Awareness creation from farm to fork (Bahri
2009
)
Annex 5 Organizational Stakeholders in Wastewater Reuse (Focus
on Brazil)
In general, the following stakeholders are typically involved in the management of
wastewater reuse schemes (Mateo-Sagasta et al.
2013
):
Ministries of Agriculture, Water Resources, Health, the Environment, Energy
and Development
Research institutions and universities
Non-governmental institutions and organizations
Farmers
'
groups
Consumers
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