Soft Computing Techniques for Optimal Capacitor Placement - Complex System Modelling and Control Through Intelligent Soft Computations - page 593

2. Section current calculation

X

N b

J l ; k ¼ I i ; k þ J b ; k ð 5 Þ

b ¼ 1

where, J l,k is the current in section-l at iteration k.
3. Voltage node calculation

V i ; k þ 1 ¼ V j ; k þ 1 ð R l þ jX l Þ J l ; k ð 6 Þ

where, V i,k is the voltage of bus i at iteration k.
To apply the load

0 per unit.
Node currents are then calculated using ( 4 ). From the node currents, section cur-
rents and bus voltages are calculated using ( 5 ) and ( 6 ), respectively. The process is
continued until the convergence limit is achieved.

fl flow initially the bus voltages are selected as 1 ∠

3.1.2 Modelling at Harmonic Frequency

At harmonic frequencies, the modelling of line parameter is modi ed. These har-

monics in the distribution system arise due to the non-linear loads in the system
(Baghzouz and Ertem 1990 ; Baghzouz 1991 ). At any harmonic frequency, of nth
order, the admittance is given as

y c ¼ ny c ð 7 Þ

where
y c

Line admittance at fundamental frequency, and

y c

Line admittance at nth harmonic frequency.

The admittance between buses “ i ” and “ i +1 ” can also be modelled as

1
R i ; i þ 1 þ

y i ; i þ 1 ¼

ð 8 Þ

n X i ; i þ 1

where
R i ; i þ 1 Resistance of line between bus i and i +1
X i ; i þ 1 Reactance of line between bus i and i +1
y i ; i þ 1 Admittance of line between bus i and i +1

ed. As suggested by
Baghzouz and Ertem ( 1990 ), Baghzouz ( 1991 ) a generalized load model has been
used which is composed of resistance in parallel with an inductance selected to

At harmonic frequencies, the load modelling is also modi