Information Technology Reference
In-Depth Information
Keywords Optimal capacitor placement
Mixed-integer type problems
Genetic
algorithms (GA)
Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
Nelder-Mead PSO
1 Introduction
Electric power system is one of the largest man-made systems in the world. Since,
the
first electric power station, started in 1882, it has seen rapid growth across the
length and breadth of the countries. The present social infrastructure would not be at
all possible without it. No other energy form has proved to surpass its outstanding
properties in the form of
fl
flexibility, cleanness, and compactness, etc. Its increasing
consumption re
ects the growing standards of the society. Its optimum utilization
by the people can be ensured by effective distribution system (Pabla
2004
; Kresting
2002
). Thus, distribution system planning becomes vital. It assures that the future
demands of the electricity can be adequately satis
fl
ed technically and economically,
both.
For capacitor placement, it is important to have complete information about the
structure of the distribution system, load growth pattern, distribution of the load
across the geographic location, etc. The power, from the transmission system to the
loads, is transmitted via distribution lines to plan the power distribution effectively.
Unlike the transmission system, the distribution system is un-transposed, i.e., the
lines in the distribution system are inductively coupled. Thus, the active power
losses are very high. Also, these high losses may be attributed to the presence of the
highly inductive loads, low distribution voltage levels, and uneven spread of the
distribution lines or the single-phasing of loads, etc., thus affecting the
fl
flow of
power in the distribution system and making it the most inef
cient component of
the whole power system (Ng et al.
2000
). Since, the single-phasing of the distri-
bution system is inherently present in the structure of the distribution system; it is
dif
cult to remove it completely. But, the high reactive power demand of loads can
be compensated by supplying reactive power to the loads, locally.
The shunt capacitors are shunt connected to the loads, for compensating the
reactive power demand. This reduction in the reactive power demand of the loads,
due to placement of capacitors (Gonen
1986
), leads to,
Released generation capacity.
Released transmission capacity.
Released distribution substation capacity.
Reduced energy losses.
Reduced voltage drop and consequently improved voltage regulation.
Released capacity of feeder and associated apparatus.
Postponement or elimination of capital expenditure due to system improvement
and/or expansions.
Revenue increases due to voltage improvements.
Search WWH ::
Custom Search