General Principles for the Design of the Cross-section - Tunnel Engineering: Basics and Additional Services for Design and Construction - page 15

1.2.7 Monorail with magnetic levitation, Transrapid, Metrorapid
A new method of transport, which has already been under development for about 30 years,
is the “Transrapid” high-speed monorail with magnetic levitation, which represents an
alternative between jet and train with a speed of 400 km/h (Fig. 1-12).
After the construction and testing of the Transprapid in Shanghai, an application in Ger-
many is still in the design phase. The planning of the Metrorapid in the Ruhr area from
Dortmund to Düsseldorf and in Munich between the airport and the main station has how-
ever been abandoned for financial reasons. This would have required a 4 km long tunnel
bored by a shield machine.
Figure 1-12 Stand-
ard cross-section for a
shield-driven tunnel for a
magnetic monorail.
1.2.8 Other underground works
General. In addition to the road and rail tunnels described above, tunnels are also devoted
to the needs of pedestrians, skiers, shipping, drinking water supply and drainage and elec-
tricity and gas supply.
Pedestrian tunnels. These are of a similar nature to road tunnels, but the small clearance
gauge, small curve diameters and the steeper permissible gradients, which can be up to 10 %,
and the possibility of joining them into a lift shaft lead to such a decisive simplification of
their design and construction that they can be regarded as a different group. Pedestrian tun-
nels are found almost exclusively in inner cities and only seldom under rural roads.
The best-known pedestrian tunnels are those in Hamburg under the Elbe and in Antwerp
under the Schelde. Neither of these has a staircase, but the pedestrians enter and leave
the tunnels in lifts, escalators or shafts at the riverbank. The tunnel in Antwerp is a fully
independent tunnel only intended for pedestrians, but the tunnel in Hamburg is for mixed
traffic since there is a central single-track road with a 1.25 m wide pavement each side,
similar to a road bridge [238].
Pedestrian tunnels either have rectangular or circular cross-sections according to whether
they are below paving or deeper (including below water).