Transformations of Dimethylsulfide - The Metal-Driven Biogeochemistry of Gaseous Compounds in the Environment - page 274

Chapter 11
Transformations of Dimethylsulfide

Ulrike Kappler and Hendrik Sch ¨ fer

Contents
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

1.1 Dimethylsulfide - Sources and Sinks in the Biosphere ............................ 280

1.2 Overview of Microorganisms Capable of Transforming Dimethylsulfide
and Known Dimethylsulfide-Transforming Reactions ............................. 283

1.2.1 Dimethylsulfide Degradation
by Aerobic Methylotrophic Bacteria . . . .................................... 283

1.2.2 Dimethylsulfide Degradation in Autotrophic Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 283

1.2.3 Anaerobic Microorganisms Utilizing Dimethylsulfide
as a Carbon Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

1.2.4 Dimethylsulfide Oxidation to Dimethylsulfoxide .......................... 284

2 ENZYMOLOGY OF DIMETHYLSULFIDE TRANSFORMATIONS ................. 285

2.1 Dimethylsulfoxide Reductases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

2.1.1 Basic Properties of Dimethylsulfoxide Reductases and Their Encoding
Operons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

2.1.2 Kinetic and Structural Properties of Dimethylsulfoxide Reductases . ..... 292

2.1.3 Dimethylsulfoxide Reductase-Related Enzymes and Dimethylsulfoxide
Reductases in Unusual Biological Contexts . . . . . . . . . ....................... 295

2.2 Dimethylsulfide Dehydrogenases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

2.2.1 The Rhodovulum sulfidophilum Dimethylsulfide Dehydrogenase . . . . ..... 298

2.2.2 Dimethylsulfide Dehydrogenases: Environmental Distribution . . ......... 299

2.3 Phylogeny of Dimethylsulfoxide Reductases
and Dimethylsulfide Dehydrogenases .............................................. 300

2.4 Dimethylsulfide Monooxygenases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

2.4.1 Properties of Dimethylsulfide Monooxygenases ........................... 303