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Table 1.6
Combination for compound student model
Overlay
Stereotypes
Erroneous
knowledge
models
Machine
learning
Cognitive
theories
Uncertainty
models
Ontology-
based
models
x
x
x
x
Overlay
x
x
x
x
x
Stereotypes
Erroneous
knowledge
models
x
x
x
x
x
x
Machine
learning
Cognitive
theories
x
x
x
x
x
x
Uncertainty
models
Ontology-
based
models
x
x
x
features, affective and meta-cognitive factors. The developers of the student model
select the most appropriate each time student-modeling technique or the most
appropriate combination of such techniques to model the above student's char-
acteristics. The prevailing student modeling techniques that are presented in the
literature are: overlay, stereotypes, perturbation model, constraint-based model,
machine learning techniques, neural networks, cognitive theories, fuzzy logic
techniques, Bayesian networks and ontologies. Many adaptive and/or personal-
ized tutoring systems perform student modeling combing different modeling
techniques to bring together features of different techniques of user modeling.
A compound student model allows the tutoring system to carry out the person-
alization efficiently. Table
1.6
presents the most common combination of student
modeling techniques. In that table the category of erroneous knowledge models
include the perturbation and the Constraint-based model. Also, the category of
uncertainty models includes fuzzy logic techniques and Bayesian networks.
Two questions come of the literature review: (i) “Which student's characteristics
are the most common-modeled?” (ii) “Which student modeling approaches are pre-
ferred in relation to student modeling characteristics?”. A thorough study and com-
parison of the adaptive and/or personalized tutoring systems that were presented
in this chapter give answers to the above two questions. The presented adaptive
and/or personalized tutoring systems have been developed from 2002 up to now
(2014). Mostly of them (96 %) are results of Scopus, which is the world's largest
abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature. Scopus is considered as
one of the most valid search engine for research papers. Furthermore, a respect-
able number of these systems have been evaluated. The rest systems, which have
not been evaluated, are trends that have not been established yet.
The results of this literature review are very interesting and useful for the
researchers, designers and developers of educational systems and student models.
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