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Fig. 1.9
Dynamic characteristics of a student
1.3.1 Knowledge Level
Knowledge level is the most commonly modeled student's characteristic.
Knowledge refers to the prior knowledge of a student on the knowledge domain as
well as her/his current knowledge level. The student's knowledge level is usually
assessed through questionnaires and tests that the student has to complete during
the learning process.
The most commonly used approach for representing the student's knowledge
level is the overlay student model. During last years many adaptive and/or per-
sonalized tutoring systems have used overlay to represent the student's knowledge
level. Surjono and Maltby (2003) have modeled the learner's knowledge using the
overlay approach. Similarly, Kassim et al. (2004) used an overlay student model
in a web-based intelligent learning environment for digital systems (WILEDS) in
order to represent dynamically the emerging knowledge and skills of each student.
Furthermore, in MEDEA (Carmona and Conejo 2004) an estimation of the student
knowledge level for each domain concept is stored in an overlay model. InfoMap
has used an overlay technique to model the knowledge level of children to basic
arithmetic (Lu et al. 2005, 2007). Similarly, an overlay approach has been used
in TANGOW (Alfonseca et al. 2006) for modeling the student's knowledge.
Also, Kumar (2006a, b) has used an overlay model to represent the knowledge of
students in programming tutors. Glushkova (2008) has applied a qualitative over-
lay student model to represent learners' knowledge level to DeLC system. LS-Plan
(Limongelli et al. 2009) is another adaptive learning system that has used a quali-
tative overlay student model. An overlay model has been used, also, by Mahnane
et al. (2012). In addition, PDinamet (Gaudioso et al. 2012), which is a web-based
adaptive learning system for the teaching of physics in secondary education, have
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