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Fig. 3.6 (a) Galactose signalling for transcriptional regulation of GAL genes in Saccharomyces
cerevisiae adopted from (Verma et al. 2003 ). D 1 and D 2 are genes having one and two binding
sites for transcriptional factor in their promoter regions. G 4, G 80, G 3, and G 3* represent
transcriptional activator Gal4p, transcriptional repressor Gal80p, signal transducer Gal3, and
activated Gal3 protein. Gal4p and Gal80p form dimers and the Gal4p dimer binds to the binding
sites of genes D 1 and D 2. Cooperative binding of Gal4p dimer to D 2 is represented by parameter m
when one site is already occupied by Gal4p dimer. The repressor Gal80p dimer binds with free
Gal4p and also with the Gal4p bound with genes D 1 and D 2. K denotes distribution of Gal80p
shuttling between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Activated Gal3p sequesters with Gal80p in
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