Biology Reference
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Fig. 3.5 (a) Signal amplification ahead a multicyclic signalling pathway composed of four cycles.
The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation rate constants (
k
s
) used for simulations were:
k
3,5,7,9
¼
1,
k
4,6,8,10
¼
0.5, and
R
i
¼
0.1. Activation of receptor concentration was modelled as
reported by (Heinrich et al.
2002
). Simulated fractional concentrations of activated kinases
X
i
~P
were plotted versus time. The activities of
X
i
~P
were normalised with respect to the amplitude of
X
4
~P
.(b) Signal repression along a signalling pathway in which rate constants were
k
3,5,7,9
¼
1,
k
4,6,8,10
¼
0.5, and
R
i
¼
50
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