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Fig. 3.5 (a) Signal amplification ahead a multicyclic signalling pathway composed of four cycles.
The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation rate constants ( k s ) used for simulations were:
k 3,5,7,9 ¼ 1, k 4,6,8,10 ¼ 0.5, and R i ¼ 0.1. Activation of receptor concentration was modelled as
reported by (Heinrich et al. 2002 ). Simulated fractional concentrations of activated kinases X i ~P
were plotted versus time. The activities of X i ~P were normalised with respect to the amplitude of
X 4 ~P .(b) Signal repression along a signalling pathway in which rate constants were k 3,5,7,9 ¼ 1,
k 4,6,8,10 ¼ 0.5, and R i
¼ 50
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