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generate a membrane potential. These processes occur at very different frequencies
and, thus, the physical structure and the chemical state of the cell must be integrated
on multiple timescales. We show that by altering either state we can phase lock the
system into either a catabolic or anabolic mode and that these perturbations
influence the time structure of the entire cell system (Sasidharan et al.
2012
).
In conclusion, rather than complexity, a heterarchical oscillatory system can
provide simple rules for the global organisation of the cell, its response to the
environment and the development of the dynamic architecture of the phenotype
(Klevecz and Murray
2001
; Chin et al.
2012
).
Acknowledgements DL and DBM are grateful to the Royal Society and the Japan Society for the
Promotion of Science for supporting this work. RM and DBM are grateful to the Vienna Science
and Technology Fund (WWTF), for funding an exchange grant (MA07-30). KS, DBM and CA are
supported in part by funds from Yamagata Prefectural Government and Tsuruoka-city. DBM is
also supported by a Japan partnering award (Japan Science and Technology agency and the
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, UK) and a Japan Society for the
Promotion of Science Grant-in-aid.
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