Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
con
ts of national and international cooperation and
demonstrated that when there is good faith and willingness to serve,
expectations could be met, extending beyond the boundaries of conven-
tion. This allowed the release of the following commercial rice cultivars
between 1987 and 1996: Panama 1048, Panama 1537, Panama 3621, and
Panama 4721 in Panama; CENTA A-5 in El Salvador; JUMA 64 in the
DominicanRepublic; Altamira 9 inNicaragua; FONAIAP 1 andFONAIAP
2 in Venezuela; Porvenir 95 INIA in Peru; and SACIA 5 (URUPE) in
Bolivia. These cultivars showed good grain quality with culinary char-
acteristics and good yield potential, whichwas above the national average
obtained in each of the countries where these cultivars were released.
Since 1995, the regional rice programs have developed along with
FLAR. Now,
rmed the bene
20 cultivars of rice germplasm from FLAR released in
Central America are successfully planted on a signi
cant area.
The emergence of the bacterial fungus mite complex ( Steneotarsone-
mus spinki Smiley, S. oryzae Sawada, B. glumae ) in 2003
2005 affected
the rice economy in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. This is another
example in which common problems managed through integration
and teamwork, in collaboration with CIAT, resulted in effective control,
through the selection of genotypes tolerant of spinki mite and having
adapted agronomic management practices to successfully recover the
rice agribusiness in these three countries (Camargo 2011).
-
2. The Contributions of Rice Farming Research in Panama. Rice farm-
ing research in Panama has primarily focused on breeding to generate
new cultivars (Camargo 2006, 2012). Since its origin in 1975, IDIAP
has generated rice cultivars resistant to diseases such as blast and
pests of economic importance to the crop, which has helped to increase
national production and productivity. The breeding effort has led
to rice self-suf
ciency, which is very important for the Panamanian
diet, as well as to a reduction in production costs and the use of
agrochemicals.
Management practices and cultivars released by IDIAP have had a
clear impact on the rice sector in Panama, with contributions from
national breeding programs and the introduction of improved germ-
plasm from CIAT and FLAR. During 1976
1981, the average area sown
was 46,600 ha, with average yield of 2.7 t ha 1 , whereas, during 2006
-
-
2011, the average area sown was 61,700 ha and yield reached 4.9 t ha 1 .
Although planting in the last 15 years has
fluctuated as a result of biotic
and abiotic constraints that affect the economy of the rice sector, it is
clear that production increased by 77% during the 5-year period (com-
paring 1976
-
-
1981 with 2006
2011). In the last 35 years, rice planting
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