Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
integrated pest management system (Pantoja et al. 1997; Fontagro
2010) was developed to help farmers and agronomists to make deci-
sions regarding control measures for weeds, insects, and diseases. This
management tool, along with the crop management tool promoted by
FLAR (Pulver 2010), has increased rice yield signi
cantly while low-
ering production costs; in other words, crop competitiveness has
improved.
4. Collaboration Among CIAT
s Regional Programs, National Rice
Research Programs, and International Institutions.
Chatel and
Guimarães (2002) reported on the contribution of the Centre for Inter-
national Cooperation in Agricultural Research for Development, Food
Crop Department (CIRAD), to rice improvement in LAC, particularly for
upland rice. Recently, Breseghello et al. (2011) and Colombari Filho
et al. (2013) highlighted the contributions of breeding material from
the CIAT Rice Program to the upland rice breeding program of the
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa) in terms of
grain yield potential, grain quality, improved plant type, and tolerance
of main diseases. A total of seven cultivars were released from CIAT
lines (Breseghello et al. 2011).
In Asia, 273 entries from the CIAT breeding program were used as
parents in crosses in 17 Asian countries from 1978 to 2011; rice
breeders in China, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, the Philippines,
Egypt, Nepal, Taiwan, and Sri Lanka bene
'
ted the most (E. Redoña,
pers. commun.). In addition, four cultivars released in India, the
Philippines, and Vietnam had one CIAT line as a progenitor, whereas
two cultivars (Ohundus and P1) were released in Malaysia and Viet-
nam directly fromCIAT nurseries. Out of 300 breeding lines from CIAT
evaluated by the IRRI-Mozambique project under rainfed conditions in
2009
2010, 12 elite lines were selected by breeders from 10 African
NARES for further testing under local conditions (S. Sarkarung, pers.
commun.). Breeders from AfricaRice have also used CIAT breeding
material in their breeding programs and some lines are being evaluated
under farmers
-
conditions in Africa. This indicates that LAC has also
contributed to rice breeding efforts outside the region, especially
through the IRTP-INGER network.
'
5. Training and Capacity-Building Programs.
According to CIAT
s
Training Unit (CIAT 2013), 1,339 young scientists from NARES
came to CIAT from 1967 to 2013 for training in rice, 21% of whom
received training in breeding. There were differences in the percentage
of people trained among six periods analyzed, ranging from 38%
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