Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
gg
1
per seed among 20 peanut germplasm accessions
(Wang and Pittman 2008). The
trans
-resveratrol among 15 Korean
peanut cultivars ranged from 0.09 to 0.30
0.125 to 1.626
μ
gg
1
per seed (Lee et al.
2004). More recently, Chukwumah et al. (2012) evaluated runner and
Valencia peanuts for variation in polyphenols, genistein, daidzein, rutin,
quercetin, and
trans
-resveratrol. This study revealed that genistein and
daidzein concentrations (0.03mg 100 g
1
seed) were similar in runner
and Valencia peanuts. Rutin and
trans
-resveratrol were signi
μ
<
0.05) higher in runner cultivars, whereas quercetin was 10-fold higher
(0.60
cantly (
P
0.04mg 100 g
1
seed) in Valencia cultivars, thus making them a
better source of this phytochemical. More recently, Wang et al. (2013)
found 9- and 98-fold variation in resveratrol (0.03
±
-
0.26) and quercetin
gg
1
), respectively, among the U.S. peanut mini core
accessions. This study also revealed that peanut seeds contain a rela-
tively high amount of quercetin (mean 15.85
(1.32
-
129.29
μ
gg
1
) and low amounts of
μ
gg
1
). These
results provide evidence that targeted evaluation of peanut germplasm,
such as in the core or mini core collections, should assist in identifying
germplasm accessions with high levels of bioactive compounds for use
in crop breeding.
gg
1
) and genistein (mean 0.29
kaempferol (mean 1.47
μ
μ
III. PEANUT ALLERGENS
There has been an increase in the observed incidence of peanut allergies
and allergic diseases in the last 20 years in the United States (Gupta et al.
2011) where
1% of the children and 0.6% of adults are affected. About
1.8% of children in the United Kingdom suffer from peanut allergy
(Hourihane et al. 2007; Du Toit et al. 2008; Sicherer et al. 2010). The
reason for this increase is not known, but many theories attempt to
explain this phenomenon, such as increased popularity and use of
peanut products, diverse processing and globalization of markets, intro-
duction of peanut products into children
∼
s diets at an early age, avoid-
ance and delayed introduction into diet (He
'
e et al. 1996; Bahna 1998;
Hourihane et al. 1998; Kmietowicz 1998), and the popular hygiene
hypothesis that points to excessive hygiene (i.e., lack of internal para-
sites, increase in vaccination, and antibiotic use) (Strachan 1989), and
reduced vitamin D.
Although clinical trials of oral immunotherapy (McWilliams et al.
2012; Mousallem and Burks 2012; Burks et al. 2013) and other types of
therapy show promise, peanut allergic individuals still must carefully
avoid exposure to peanut. Peanut allergy is a potentially life-threatening
