Satellite Signal Acquisition, Tracking, and Data Demodulation - Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications - page 181

+

.

T y(n)

x(n)

Σ

+

A

Z − 1

1
S

y(t)

x(t)

(a) (b)

+

+

. 1/2

T

Σ Σ

y(n)

x(n)

+

+

Z − 1 A

.

(c)

Figure 5.19 Block diagrams of: (a) analog, (b) digital boxcar, and (c) digital bilinear transform

integrators.

ω 0

(a)

+

+

+

.

. ω 0 2 1/2 1/2

T

Σ Σ Σ

+

+ +

Z − 1

.

a 2 ω

(b)

+ + + + + +

. ω 0 3 T T . . T .

1/2 1/2 1/2

Σ Σ Σ Σ Σ Σ

+ + + + + +

Z − 1

Z − 1

. .

.

.

a 30 2

ω

b 3 ω

(c)

Figure 5.20 Block diagrams of (a) first-, (b) second-, and (c) third-order digital loop filters exclud-
ing last integrator (the NCO).