Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 20.4. Gender Differences in Transporter Expression in Mice and Rats
Gender Difference
a
Tissue
Mice
Rats
Oatp1a1
Liver
M
>
F
Oatp1a4
Liver
F
>
M
M
>
F
Oatp1a1
Kidney
M
>
F
M
>
F
Oatp3a1
Kidney
M
>
F
M
>
F
Bcrp
Liver
M
>
F
M
>
F
Mdr1b
Kidney
F
>
M
Mrp3
Kidney
F
>
M
F
>
M
Mrp4
Kidney
>
Mate1
Kidney
M
F
Mate2
Kidney
F
>
M
Ntcp
Liver
F
>
M
M
>
F
Ent1
Kidney
F
>
M
Ent2
Kidney
F
>
M
Ibat/Asbt
Kidney
F
>
M
Ost
Liver
F
>
M
Ost
Kidney
M
>
F
Ost
Kidney
F
>
M
Oat1
Kidney
M
>
F
Oat2
Kidney
F
>
M
Oat5
Kidney
F
>
M
Urat1
Kidney
M
>
F
Oct2
Kidney
M
>
F
M
>
F
Octn1 Kidney F
>
M
a
Gender difference is the ratio of mRNA expression of a transporter in adult male and female mice.
Oatp1a1 is male-predominant in kidneys of rats
20
,
69
,
70
and mice,
17
,
71
and Oct2 is
male-predominant in both rats and mice.
25
,
55
,
72
20.8. MECHANISMS OF GENDER DIFFERENCES
Gender differences in transporter gene expression may be the result of regulation
by sex hormones and/or gender-dimorphic growth-hormone (GH) secretory patterns.
Androgens and estrogens alter gene expression by stimulating gene transcription
directly or stabilizing the mRNA of certain genes.
73
−
75
Growth hormone is also an
important regulator of gender-divergent gene expression. Gender-divergent secretion
patterns of GH lead to differential patterns in gene expression. In rats, males secrete
GH in high-amplitude pulses with a regular frequency. Between pulses, serum GH
levels are nondetectable.
76
In contrast, female rats secrete GH in low-amplitude pulses
with greater frequency and higher trough levels than males, resulting in a continuously
detectable baseline of serum GH.
77
These GH-secretory patterns are responsible for
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