Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Chapter 3
Organic Certification and the Rationalization
of Alternative Food and Agriculture:
Sustainable Shrimp Farming in Indonesia
Maki Hatanaka
3.1
Introduction
Alternative forms of food and agriculture have emerged in response to problems
associated with industrialized food and agriculture. 1 They consist of a variety of
forms, including fair trade, organic agriculture, local markets, community-supported
agriculture, and urban gardens. While the forms of alternative food and agriculture
diverge, they generally share a common vision of sustainable, just, and ethical
agriculture and safe and healthy food. Recently, alternative agrifood initiatives have
proliferated and alternative forms of food and agriculture have become a significant
component of the global agrifood system.
There are multiple ways in which alternative agrifood initiatives are governed,
but one of the more prominent approaches is the use of certification (Busch and
Bain 2004 ; Mutersbaugh et al. 2005 ; Taylor 2005 ; Hatanaka 2010b ). In alternative
agrifood initiatives, certification tends to be used to develop and enforce standards
for upstream producers and processors. In doing so, certification distinguishes
alternative products from conventional ones in the marketplace (Hatanaka et al.
2005 ). Today, there are a wide range of certified alternative agrifood initiatives
covering nearly every aspect of food from farm to table. Among the most globally
prominent initiatives are the Fairtrade International (FLO), International Federation
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